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Fig. 7 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 7 Scanning electron microscopic image of resin casts showing autozooids and their stolonal connection. a Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. b P. irregularis from southern New Zealand. c P. parva from northern New Zealand. d Younger bud of Penetrantia sp. from Japan. e Stolon with tubulets of P. parva from northern New Zealand. f Branching stolons and two early buds in P. parva from northern New Zealand. g Branching of the principal stolon in Penetrantia sp. from Japan. az autozooid, b bud, ped peduncle, st stolon, tu tubulet

Fig. 16 3D in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 16 3D-reconstruction based on semi thin section series of Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. a Oral perspective. b Lateral perspective with the anal side on the right. c Anal perspective. d Lateral perspective with the anal side on the left. Blue: lophophore, green: digestive system, red: muscu-

Fig. 14 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 14 Histological semi thin cross sections through the lophophore and tentacles of the autozooids of six different penetrantiids. a Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. b P. cf. concharum from France. c P. parva from northern New Zealand. d Detail of cross section through tentacles of P. parva from northern New Zealand. e P. parva from southern New Zealand. f P. irregularis from southern New Zealand. g P. clionoides from Guam. h Penetrantia sp. from Japan. at atrium, bc body cavity, cae caecum, es esophagus, ftc frontal cilia, lc lateral cilia, pv proventriculus, t tentacle, ts tentacle sheath

Fig. 10 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 10 Schematic drawing based on Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. a Autozooid in longitudinal section from an oral view. b Autozooid in longitudinal section from a lateral view with the anal side on the right. c Gonozooid in longitudinal section from a lateral view with the anal side on the right. Blue: lophophore, green: digestive system, red: musculature, orange: duplicature bands. a anus, at atrium, bc body cavity, bch brood chamber, bp brood chamber plug, bpm brood chamber plug muscle, c

Fig. 11 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 11 Schematic drawing of all members of the family Penetrantiidae. In the upper row are the autozooids and below the corresponding gonozooid where information was available. a Penetrantia densa according to Silén (1946). b P. concharum from Sweden. c P. brevis according to Silén (1946). d P. parva from northern New Zealand. e P. sileni according to Soule (1950). f P. irregularis from southern

Fig. 6 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 6 Overview of the stolonal network in the family Penetrantiidae. a Scanning electron microscopic image of Penetrantia cf. parva from New Caledonia. Stolonal network marked in green. b Scanning electron microscopic image of Penetrantia sp. from Japan. Stolon marked in green. c Stereomicroscopic image of a young colony of P. cf. concharum from France. d Scanning electron microscopic image of a resin cast of P. parva from northern New Zealand. ap aperture, az autozooid, anc ancestrula, gz gonozooid, op operculum, st stolon, tu tubulet

Fig. 15 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 15 Histological semi thin sections of the digestive tract in Penetrantia. a Longitudinal section through an autozooid of P. concharum from Sweden. b Longitudinal section through the proventriculus and caecum of P. concharum from Sweden. c Proventriculus of P. concharum from Sweden. d Proventriculus P. cf. concharum from France. e Longitudinal section through intestine of P. concharum from Sweden. f Cross section through the pharynx of P. concharum from Sweden. g Cross section through a brown body in P. concharum from Sweden. a anus, at atrium, bb brown body, bc body cavity, bw body wall, cae caecum, es esophagus, exc exterior cuticle, int intestine, l lophophore, lb lophophoral base, oo operculum occlusor, op operculum, ph pharynx, pv proventriculus, pvm parieto-vestibular muscle, rm retractor muscle, ts tentacle sheath, v vestibulum, vw vestibular wall

Fig. 4 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 4 Stereomicroscopic overview of colonies and apertures of Penetrantia parva and P. irregularis from Southern New Zealand within the same fragment of undetermined bivalve shell. a Overview of outer shell surface with P. irregularis and sponge borings. b Over-

Fig. 5 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 5 Stereomicroscopic overview of colonies and apertures. a–d Penetrantia clionoides from Guam in Drupa morum Röding, 1798. e–g Penetrantia sp. from Japan in Japeuthria ferrea (Reeve, 1847). a Overview of Drupa morum shell. Square marks area of magnification. b Detailed overview of borings close to aperture of shell. c Close-ups of apertures with opercula. d Stolon with tubulets and developing bud. e Overview of live Japeuthria ferrea shell. Square marks area of magnification. f Detailed overview of borings close to aperture of shell. g Close-ups of apertures and tubulets. ap aperture, b bud, op operculum, st stolon, tu tubulet

Fig. 8 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 8 Stolon morphology of the family Penetrantiidae. a–d Stereomicroscopic images of stolons and tubulets of Penetrantia sp. from Japan after decalcification of substrate. d Sac zooid in Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. e Histological semi thin section through the peduncle of P. clionoides from Guam. f Histological semi thin section through the peduncle of Penetrantia sp. from Japan. g Histological semi thin cross section through the stolon of P. concharum from Sweden. h Histological semi thin cross section through the stolon of Penetrantia sp. from Japan. i Adventitious stolon connecting to an autozooid in P. concharum from Sweden. az autozooid, bc body cavity, pc pore complex, s septum, st stolon, sz sac zooid, ts tentacle sheath, tu tubulet

FIGURE 5 in Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of five bryozoan species. A, B. Stylopoma variabilis n. sp. A. Detail of a small fragment showing some zooids and an ooecium. B. Frontal view of one ooecium showing the crescent-shaped aperture and the fused and asymmetrical labellum. C–E. Stylopoma hastata n. sp. C. Detail of part of the colony showing zooids and different kinds of avicularia: small and triangular lateral oral avicularia, two large and spear-shaped interzooidal avicularia, and a giant elongated and curved avicularium. D. Detail of the distal part of a zooid showing the orifice with U-shaped sinus, small condyles, and a triangular lateral avicularium. E. Detail of a giant avicularium with curved, elongate rostrum. F. Hippaliosina imperfecta, detail of two zooids with a pair of elongate distal avicularia. G. Utinga castanea, detail of the colony showing zooids with different kinds of avicularia and ooecia with a pair of small avicularia. H. Arthropoma cecilii, detail of fertile and infertile zooids showing orifices, perforate frontal walls and smooth ooecia.

FIGURE 1 in Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology

FIGURE 1. Maps and in situ photographs of the study area and sampling method. A. Regional location of study area (black square—Abrolhos Bank, AB). B. Local reef habitats (light grey) and the two sampling sites (Parcel dos Abrolhos, PA and California Reef, CR). C. Aerial view of PA reefs southeastern from Abrolhos Archipelago. D. Closer aerial view of PA reefs. E. Core sampling using a submersible hydraulic drill by rebreather diving. F. CR pinnacle structure at 25 m depth. Photos: Áthila Bertoncini, F. Moraes and G. Amado-Filho.

FIGURE 7 in Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology

FIGURE 7. In situ underwater photographs of six bryozoan species recorded from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. A, B. Steginoporella magnilabris. C. Reptadeonella bipartita. D. Celleporaria atlantica. E. Stylopoma variabilis n. sp. F. Utinga castanea. G. Arthropoma cecilii. Photos by Áthila Bertoncini/Rede Abrolhos.

FIGURE 3 in Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology

FIGURE 3. Scanning electron micrographs of four bryozoan species. A. Metrarabdotos aff. jani, detail of some autozooids showing orifice with small, slit-shaped sinus and lateral, elongate avicularium. B. Metrarabdotos sp., general view of the fragment showing some autozooids with almost circular orifice and a pair of lateral distal avicularium. C–G. Parasmittina distincta n. sp. C. General view of a fragment showing autozooids with two oral spine bases and different kinds of avicularia: shoe-shaped, triangular and elongate. D. General view of a fragment showing autozooids with almost circular orifice, large lyrula, three or four oral spine bases and shoe-shaped avicularium. E. Detail of orifice showing four oral spine bases, large anvil-shaped lyrula and prominent condyles. F. Detail of two autozooids with two and three distal oral spines and short and large triangular lateral avicularium. G. General view of a fragment showing autozooid with two oral distal spines, lyrula and a putative ooecium. H. Parasmittina abrolhosensis n. sp., general view of a fragment showing some autozooids with different kinds of avicularia, orifice circular with three to four oral spine bases and tall and narrow lyrula.

FIGURE 6 in Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of three bryozoan species. A. Gemelliporina glabra, fragment showing orifices and a small avicularium. B, C. Plesiocleidochasma acuminata n. sp. B. General view of a fragment showing infertile zooids. C. Detail of some zooids showing cleithridiate orifices, a few scattered areolar pores and acuminate avicularia with rostra ending in a sharp and elongate tip. D–F. Rhynchozoon aff. rostratum. D. General view of a colony part showing some zooids with peristomial tubercles and frontal avicularia. E. Detail of some autozooids showing peristomial tubercles and frontal, triangular avicularia. F. Detail of one zooid showing distally beaded orifice and a suboral lateral avicularium with a triangular rostrum, and a suboral umbo.

FIGURE 2 in Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of six bryozoan species. A. Steginoporella magnilabris, part of the colony showing the shape and disposition of the autozooids. B. Labioporella tuberculata, part of the colony with some autozooids. C, D. Crassimarginatella winstonae n. sp., general view of the colony with autozooids and one avicularium. E. Detail of the colony showing an interzooidal avicularium. E. Exechonella sp., general view of a colony fragment. F. Reptadeonella bipartita, general view of colony part showing some autozooids with elliptic orifice, median avicularium and ascopore. G, H. Celleporaria atlantica, detail of some zooids showing orifices, and suboral avicularia on umbos. H. Detail of an autozooid showing an avicularium at the base of the umbo.

FIGURE 4 in Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of three bryozoan species. A–D. Parasmittina abrolhosensis n. sp. A. Detail of some autozooids showing the orifice, lyrula, condyles and three or four oral spine bases, and a lateral elongate avicularium. B. Detail of an elongate lateral avicularium with serrated rostrum. C. Detail of an autozooid showing the orifice with anvil, tall lyrula and a pair of condyles, and a large and spatulate avicularium. D. Detail of a fragment showing some fertile autozooids. E, F. Hemismittoidea asymmetrica n. sp. E. Detail of some autozooids showing the orifice with six and seven distal spines, large anvil-shaped lyrula, large and triangular avicularia, and a perforated ooecium. F. Detail of a fertile zooid showing a perforated ooecium and orifice with a pair of spines others, hidden by the ooecium. G, H: Stylopoma variabilis n. sp. G. Detail of a fragment showing autozooids and two elongate, spatulate interzooidal avicularia. H. Detail of the distal region of an autozooid showing the orifice with U-shaped sinus, condyles and small triangular lateral avicularium.

FIGURE 14. Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 14. Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992, Seongsan port, Jeju Island (MBRBK1705). A. Serpulid polychaete tube encrusted on inner side by small Walkeria colony. B. Close-up of small part of A, showing cluster of zooids. C. Live colony around in hole in substratum, showing a single expanded tentacle crown with eight tentacles. D. Two campylonemidan tentacle crowns of zooids inside hole. E. Part of colony viewed from above to show stolon, kenozooids and zooids. Scale bar: E = 0.20 m.

FIGURE 15 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 15. Bantariella verticillata (Heller, 1867), Cheongpodae, photographed live, specimen not preserved. A. Live colony on an intertidal stone. B. Campylonemidan tentacle crown with six tentacles forming a scoop shape and two angled away. C. Branching stolons and clusters of two to four zooids.

FIGURE 11 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 11. Resin casts of Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. and Penetrantia taeanata n. sp. growing together at Cheongpodae. A. Resin cast showing mostly Penetrantia stolons and zooids, with those of Immergentia more apparent in the lower right quadrant. B. Close-up of crossing stolons, those of Penetrantia thicker and closer to the shell surface, with a broken zooid clearly with a peduncle, whereas the stolon of Immergentia runs across (beneath, in life orientation) a trifurcation in the Penetrantia colony. Scale bars: A = 0.50 mm; B = 0.10 mm.