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Fig. 18 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 18. Left exoccipital−opisthotic of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in occipital (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 15. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 15. A. Ventral view of the skull of Tarbosaurus bataar GIN 107/1 (A1) and explanatory drawing of the same (A2). B. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033; lateral view of vomer (B1), lateral view of pterygoid (B2), dorsal view of pterygoid (B3). Not to scale.

Fig. 14 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 14. Left ectopterygoid of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views.

Fig. 11. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 11. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A. Maxilla in medial view. B. Postorbital in lateral view. C. Quadratojugal in lateral (C1) and medial (C2) views.

Fig. 10. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 10. A. Right squamosal of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4 in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A2, A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. Mirrored left squamosal of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033 in ventral view. A1–A3 and B, anterior is up.

Fig. 9 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 9. Left squamosal, quadrate, quadratojugal, postorbital of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in lateral (A, B) and medial (C, D) views.

Fig. 7. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 7. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A. Left lacrimal in lateral (A1) and medial(A2) views. B. Left jugal in lateral (B1) and medial (B2) views.

Fig. 8 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 8. Left prefrontal, frontal, postorbital and parietal of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in lateral (A, B) and medial (C, D) views.

Fig. 3 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 3. Right premaxilla of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4 mirrored to be comparable to other bones form the left side of the skull in lateral (A, B) and medial (C) views.

Fig. 5. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 5. A. Nasal of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4 in lateral (A 1) and ventral (A2, A3) views. B. Ventral view of the nasal of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033.

Fig. 2. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 2. A. Generalized skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar in lateral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Tyrannosaurus rex in lateral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views compared (not to scale). Light grey, lacrimal; dark grey, nasal.

Fig. 3 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs

Fig. 3. Endocranial vascular valleculae in Pachycephalosauridae. Sphaerotholus buchholtzae, incomplete frontoparietal (TMP 87.113.03, Hell Creek Formation, Montana, Maastrichtian, Cretaceous) in ventral view. Vascular valleculae are present on the cerebral and post−cerebral fossae.

Fig. 13 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 13. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Three−dimensional digital reconstruction of the endocraniuim and associated venous structures in dorsal (A) and right lateral (B) views. Venous structures are shown in black.

Fig. 14 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 14. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Summary three−dimensional digital reconstruction featuring the skull overlay in grey, endocranium in violet, inner ear in yellow, pneumatic sinuses in light blue, and venous sinuses in red, in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Fig. 8 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 8. Struthio camelus (LSU−SVM no number, Recent). Axial T1 Gradient echo MRI of showing branches of trigeminal nerve. A. Maxillary and mandibular branch trigeminal foramen in posterior orbit. Pneumatized bone of the skull base is black. B. V1 ascending the floor of the endocranium. C. Optic nerves (II) just distal to the optic chiasm and V1 in the posterior orbital wall. D. V1 at the orbital apex on left and entering the orbit on the right. All sections are in the same scale.

Fig. 10 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 10. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–D. Computed tomograms of the olfactory zone. E. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with vertical white lines indicating positions of sections A–D.

Fig. 6 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 6. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–C. Computed tomograms of the trigeminal zone. D. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections. Images A through C progress from caudal to rostral. The posterior margin of the common trigeminal foramen would have held the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve (V2/3) while the ophthalmic branch (V1) would have traveled rostrally.

Fig. 4 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 4. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–E. Computed tomograms of the otic zone. F. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections.

Fig. 2 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 2. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–D. Computed tomograms of the occipital zone. E. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with vertical white lines indicating positions of sections A–D.

Fig. 2 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a hadrosaurid endocast in lateral view showing the approximate distribution of vascular valleculae on a lambeosaurine braincase. Valleculae are dense in the lateral regions of the cerebrum, midbrain and rostral hindbrain. Roman numerals represent cranial nerves.