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FIGURE 9. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 9. Large mammal remains from Moncucco Torinese. 1-2. Dihoplus schleiermacheri: 1, left upper second molar (MGPT-PU 127005), occlusal view; 2, left upper third molar (MGPT-PU 127004), occlusal view. 3. Dicoryphochoerini gen. et sp. indet.: right lower third premolar (MGPT-PU 130571), buccal view. 4-5. Tapirus arvernensis: 4, right lower molar (MGPT PU 130549), lingual (4) and occlusal (5) views. 6-7, 20-21. Gazella aff. G. pilgrimi: left hemimandible (MGPT-PU 125007), buccal (6) and occlusal (7) views; left maxillary fragment (MGPT-PU 130655), lingual (20) and buccal (21) views. 8-9, 12-13, 17. Pliocervus sp.: right hemimandible (MGPT PU 125008), buccal (8) and occlusal (9) views; right upper third premolar (MGPT-PU 130659), occlusial (12) and mesial (13) views; right metatarsal bone (MGPT-PU 127010), plantar view (17). 10-11, 18. aff. Palaeomeryx: left upper fourth premolar (MGPT-PU 130658), occlusal (10) and mesial (11) views; 18, left tibia (MGPT-PU 127009) dorsal view. 14-16, 19. Euprox sp.: left upper second molar (MGPT-PU 130668), occlusal 14) and mesial (15) views; 16, left lower third premolar (MGPT-PU 130671), occlusial view; 19, right upper canine (MGPT-PU 130664), buccal view. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the late Oligocene of Pakistan

Fig. 5. Palaeohypsodontus zinensis sp. nov., late Oligocene (Chattian), Lundo J2, Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan. A. Left astragalus (ISEM DBJ2−A2) in anterior (A1) and posterior (A2) views. B. Shaft of right metatarsal (ISEM DBJ2−A3) in anterior (B1) and distal (B2) views. All stero−photographs. Scale bars 1 cm.

Fig. 1 in New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the late Oligocene of Pakistan

Fig. 1. Map of Pakistan with an enlargement of the Bugti area, and the location of Lundo Chur where the described material has been found. Present−day latitudes and longitudes are also shown.

Fig. 2 in New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the late Oligocene of Pakistan

Fig. 2. Synthetic lithostratigraphic section of the Bugti Member (adapted from Welcomme et al. 2001) with the accurate stratigraphic setting of P. zinensis sp. nov.

Fig. 4 in New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the late Oligocene of Pakistan

Fig. 4. Palaeohypsodontus zinensis sp. nov., late Oligocene (Chattian), Lundo J2, Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan. Holotype (ISEM DBJ2−A1). A. S tereophoto of occlusal view. B. Stereophoto of labial view. Scale bars 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in New artiodactyl ruminant mammal from the late Oligocene of Pakistan

Fig. 3. Simplified cladogram illustrating the interrelationships between different families of ruminants (modified from Janis and Scott 1987). The term "Gelocidae" designates a heterogeneous assemblage of extinct hornless pre−pecoran ruminants. The distribution of the characters discussed in the text are indicated by symbols.

Fig. 4 in New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework

Fig. 4. Deccanolestes cf. robustus. Right m1 or m2 (ITV/R/Mm−6) in occlusal (A, B), lingual (C), and labial (D) views. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in A Cretaceous mammal from Tanzania

Fig. 2. Measured stratigraphic section of the "Red Sandstone Group" in the Mbeya District of southwestern Tanzania. Section demonstrates level of Locality TZ−07, which yielded the mammal dentary (NMT 02067) described in this report as well as dinosaurs, which were also found above and below this level. Also indicated is the stratigraphic horizon of an area some 2 km to the south that yielded Tertiary vertebrate fossils.

Fig. 6 in An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China

Fig. 6. Guangxicyon sinoamericanus gen. et sp. nov., IVPP V11818−2, left humerus and right tibia, IVPP V11818−3, line drawings. A. Left humerus, posterior view. B. Right tibia in lateral (B1) and posterior (B2) views. Scale bar 2 cm.

Fig. 5 in An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China

Fig. 5. Guangxicyon sinoamericanus gen et sp. nov, IVPP V11818−2, left humerus in anterior (A) and posterior (B) views. Scale bar 2 cm.

Fig. 2 in An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China

Fig. 2. Guangxicyon sinoamericanus gen.et sp.nov., IVPP V11818, in situ, immediately prior to jacketing and removal, mandible (A), humerus (B), tibia (C). Table 1. Dental dimensions (mm) of Guangxicyon sinoamericanus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype) compared with two European amphicyonids, Brachycyon palaeolycos and Pseudocyonopsis quercensis (measurements taken from Ginsburg, 1966).

Fig. 2 in New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework

Fig. 2. Diagramatic sketch of the upper and lower molar measurements. Anteroposterior axes pass through the paracone and metacone for upper molars and through the metaconid and entoconid for lower molars. Abbreviations are as follows: for upper molars, AW, anterior width; PW, posterior width; PW1, posterior width sensu Butler (1990); PRW, protocone shelf width; MCL, postmetacrista length; BL, buccal length; PRL, protocone shelf length; PRH, protocone height; PAH, paracone height; MEH, metacone height; and for lower molars, L, length; TRW, trigonid width; TAW, talonid width; PHL, posthypocristid length; PEL, postentocristid length; PDH, protoconid height; MDH, metaconid height; AML, premetaconid length; TAL, talonid length; TAH, talonid height.

Fig. 1 in A Cretaceous mammal from Tanzania

Fig. 1. Location of Locality TZ−07 in the Mbeya District of southwestern Tanzania, which yielded the mammal jaw (NMT 02067) described here. Also indicated is the location of productive vertebrate fossil localities in the "Malawi Dinosaur Beds," Mwakasynunguti area, Karonga District, Malawi (Colin and Jacobs 1990; Jacobs et al. 1990, 1992; Gomani 1997).

Fig. 1 in An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China

Fig. 1. Map showing position of Bose Basin, Guangxi Province, southern China, and simplified outcrop map of Bose Basin, illustrating position of type locality IVPP 73083 (after Tang et al. 1974).

Fig. 7. Theria incertae sedis. A. Left p1 in New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework

Fig. 7. Theria incertae sedis. A. Left p1 or p2 (ITV/R/Mm−14) in labial view. B. Right p1 (ITV/R/Mm−17) in labial view. C. Right p3 or p4 (ITV/R/Mm−13) in lingual view. D. Right P3 (ITV/R/Mm−5) in labial (D1) and occlusal (D2, D3) views. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China

Fig. 4. Guangxicyon sinoamericanus gen. et sp. nov., IVPP V11818−1, line drawings of the left lower jaw with p3–m1 and alveoli for p1–2 and m2–3; in occlusal (A) and lateral (B) views. Scale bar 2 cm.

Fig. 7 in An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China

Fig. 7. Guangxicyon sinoamericanus gen et sp. nov, IVPP V11818−3, right tibia, photographs in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views. Scale bar 2 cm.

Fig. 4. X in A Cretaceous mammal from Tanzania

Fig. 4. X−ray radiograph of left dentary of?sudamericid gondwanatherian mammal (NMT 02067) from the Cretaceous of southwestern Tanzania. A. Unaltered radiograph. B. Radiograph with outlines of tooth roots indicated, and reconstructed coronal outlines of the three distal−most cheekteeth. Outlines of the roots were developed from several different radiographs, none of which clearly revealed the outline of the root of the second cheek−tooth, which is therefore indicated by a dashed line. Abbreviations: i, incisor; 1–5, cheek−teeth 1–5.

Fig. 3 in An aberrant amphicyonid mammal from the latest Eocene of the Bose Basin, Guangxi, China

Fig. 3. Guangxicyon sinoamericanus gen. et sp. nov., IVPP V11818−1, photographs of the left lower jaw with p3–m1 and alveoli for p1–2 and m2–3; in occlusal (A), lateral (B), and medial (C) views. Scale bar 2 cm.

Fig. 6. Sahnitherium rangapurensis. Right M1 in New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework

Fig. 6. Sahnitherium rangapurensis. Right M1 or M2 (ITV/R/Mm−1), holotype in occlusal (A, B), labial (C), anterior (D), and posterior (E) views. Scale bar 0.5 mm.