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text-fig. 14. Theropod skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of characters 42,44, 51, and 70. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see Text-figures 4-6. a, Eoraptor lunensis. B, Ceratosaurus sp. c, generalized baryonychid. Dashed lines indicate levels of quadrate-squamosal articulation (wide dash) and mandibular joint (narrow dash); strong line indicates posterior end of tooth row. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 14. Theropod skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of characters 42,44, 51, and 70. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see Text-figures 4-6. a, Eoraptor lunensis. B, Ceratosaurus sp. c, generalized baryonychid. Dashed lines indicate levels of quadrate-squamosal articulation (wide dash) and mandibular joint (narrow dash); strong line indicates posterior end of tooth row. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e).

text-fig. 15. Occipital views of the skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and two theropods (b-c), illustrating different character states for several cranial characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostic^-, redrawn from Sereno (19916)- B, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). c, Allosaurusfragilis (braincase only); based on BYU Mes 5583. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; fm, foramen magnum; itf, infratemporal fenestra; oc, occipital condyle; pa, parietal; po, postorbital; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; soc, supraoccipital; socw, supraoccipital wedge; sq, squamosal; vcd, foramen for the entrance of the vena capitis dorsalis. Dashed lines indicate the level of the dorsal margin of the occipital condyle (wide dash) and the level of the bases of the paroccipital processes (narrow dash). Scale bars represent 10 mm (a) and 50 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 15. Occipital views of the skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and two theropods (b-c), illustrating different character states for several cranial characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostic^-, redrawn from Sereno (19916)- B, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). c, Allosaurusfragilis (braincase only); based on BYU Mes 5583. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; fm, foramen magnum; itf, infratemporal fenestra; oc, occipital condyle; pa, parietal; po, postorbital; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; soc, supraoccipital; socw, supraoccipital wedge; sq, squamosal; vcd, foramen for the entrance of the vena capitis dorsalis. Dashed lines indicate the level of the dorsal margin of the occipital condyle (wide dash) and the level of the bases of the paroccipital processes (narrow dash). Scale bars represent 10 mm (a) and 50 mm (b-c).

text-fig. 17. Lateral view of the braincase, illustrating states for several braincase characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus; redrawn from Sereno (1991Z?). B, Troödon formosus; based on Currie and Zhao (1993a); the paroccipital process of Troödon is shown in cross-section to illustrate the internal pneumatic cavity within this bone. Abbreviations: atr, anterior tympanic recess; bpt, basipterygoid process; boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; ep, episthotic; f, frontal; fo, fenestra ovalis; ic, foramen for the entrance of the vidian canal for the internal carotid; jf, jugular foramen; Is, laterosphenoid; mf, metotic fissure; o, orbital facet on the frontal; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; osp, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pn, pneumatic openings or cavities; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pspc, parasphenoid capsule; ptf, posttemporal foramen; vcm, exit of the vena capitis medialis; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 17. Lateral view of the braincase, illustrating states for several braincase characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus; redrawn from Sereno (1991Z?). B, Troödon formosus; based on Currie and Zhao (1993a); the paroccipital process of Troödon is shown in cross-section to illustrate the internal pneumatic cavity within this bone. Abbreviations: atr, anterior tympanic recess; bpt, basipterygoid process; boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; ep, episthotic; f, frontal; fo, fenestra ovalis; ic, foramen for the entrance of the vidian canal for the internal carotid; jf, jugular foramen; Is, laterosphenoid; mf, metotic fissure; o, orbital facet on the frontal; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; osp, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pn, pneumatic openings or cavities; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pspc, parasphenoid capsule; ptf, posttemporal foramen; vcm, exit of the vena capitis medialis; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm.

text-fig. 12. Left postorbital of two theropods in lateral view and cross-section through the jugal process, illustrating the differences in the outline of the cross-sections (character 41). A, Allosaurus fragilis, based on Madsen (1976). B, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, based on OUM J 13558. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 12. Left postorbital of two theropods in lateral view and cross-section through the jugal process, illustrating the differences in the outline of the cross-sections (character 41). A, Allosaurus fragilis, based on Madsen (1976). B, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, based on OUM J 13558. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm.

text-fig. 2. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses of theropod interrelationships. Note the inclusion of most basal taxa in a monophyletic Ceratosauria in a-c. a, Novas (1992a). B, Holtz (1994). c, Sereno (1997). D, Makovicky and Sues (1998). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 2. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses of theropod interrelationships. Note the inclusion of most basal taxa in a monophyletic Ceratosauria in a-c. a, Novas (1992a). B, Holtz (1994). c, Sereno (1997). D, Makovicky and Sues (1998).

Figure 22 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 22. Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior.

Figure 24 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 24. Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior. Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres.

Figure 26 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 26. Phylogenetic position of A. kyrgyzicus. Simplified strict consensus tree resulting from the implied weighing parsimony analysis with k = 12. For full results see Supporting information, Fig. S3.

Figure 18 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views. F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view. G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 21 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm.

Figure 15 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle. Scale bar is 10 cm.

Figure 12 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm.

Figure 11 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 11. Furcula of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-23, in anterior (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: bm?, possible bite mark; epi, epicleideal process; fa, facet. Scale bar is 2 cm.

Figure 7 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views. D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 9 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 14 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 14. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figure 13. Scale bar is 10 cm.

Figure 6 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 6. Teeth referred to of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm.

Figure 17 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views. Abbreviations: af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling. Scale bar is 10 cm.

Figure 20 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm.