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Figure 11 in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 11. Thin sections of sculptural ridges showing mineralized Sharpey's fibres penetrating the bone. A, Chenoprosopus milleri (Temnospondyli, Edopoidea), UCMP 41104. The strong Sharpey's fibres are obliquely cut. B, Plagiosternum granulosum (Stereospondyli, Plagiosauridae), SMNS without number. The Sharpey's fibres are densely arranged. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 10. Reference topology with mapped dermal sculpture characters showing a phylogenetic signal, continued. A, character 10. B, character 11. C, character 12. For character 12 in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 10. Reference topology with mapped dermal sculpture characters showing a phylogenetic signal, continued. A, character 10. B, character 11. C, character 12. For character 12, the coloration is similar to that in Figure 9, whereas for character 10 (four character states) and 11 (three character states), the lightest shading refers to character state 1, and the increasingly darker shadings refer to the ascending character states. For definition of characters, see Appendix 2.

Figure 7. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 7. A, the oblique growth of nodal points and ridges as indicated in Figure 6H can be shown histologically. The growth marks indicate oblique appositional growth, and the arrow shows the direction of growth. B, Chroniosaurus dongusensis (Chroniosuchia, Chroniosuchidae), PIN 3585/124, juvenile specimen. The sculpture on the skull table consists primarily of radially aligned ridges, with very few tubercles. C, skull table of an ontogenetically advanced Chroniosaurus dongusensis, PIN 3713/11. The ridges bear numerous distinct tubercles. D, Ventastega curonica (stem tetrapod), PIN 54/180. Fragment of angular with deep, steep-walled lateral line sulcus that is partially enclosed within the bone. E, Cheliderpeton latirostre (Stereospondylomorpha, Intasuchidae), SMNS 91003. Posterior part of the skull with faintly impressed lateral line sulci posterior and medial to the orbits. F, Metoposaurus fraasi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), UCMP 27103. Prefrontal bearing a broad lateral line sulcus. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 2. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 2. A, Eryops megacephalus (Temnospondyli, Eryopidae), MCZ 3233, cast. Irregular polygonal sculpture in the interorbital region. B, Dvinosaurus primus (Temnospondyli, Dvinosauria), PIN 156/10. Posterior part of skull table with radial sculpture. C, Metoposaurus fraasi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), UCMP 27103. Posterior portion of interclavicle with radial sculpture. D, Thoosuchus jakovlevi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), SMNS 80064. Close-up of the radial sculpture on the postfrontal, with imprints of vessels within the sculptural furrows. E, Panderichthys rhombolepis (stem tetrapod, Elpistostegalia), MB.f.17548. SEM photograph of tubercular sculpture of dermal bone of the skull or pectoral region. F, Chroniosaurus dongusensis (Chroniosuchia, Chroniosuchidae), PIN 3713/38. Close-up of tubercular sculpture on the parietal. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 6. A–E in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 6. A–E, schematic drawings of formation of new sculptural ridges at the bone periphery during growth. A, the vascular opening is located directly in front of a sculptural ridge that bifurcates symmetrically. B–C, the vascular opening is located lateral to the sculptural ridge, and the bifurcation is asymmetric. D, bifurcation of ridges from contralateral sides fuse roughly at the midline of the furrow, and close the furrow. E, in an asymmetrical bifurcation of a sculptural ridge, the 'axilla ridge' of the corresponding vascular opening may be low or suppressed, giving the impression that the new intercalated ridge has an abrupt origin within the furrow. F–H, development of polygonal sculpture from the radial pattern. F, first, the radial ridges broaden slightly at discrete points in the vicinity of a vascular opening, or may be slightly bent in this direction. These are the points of intersection (nodal points) of the radial ridge with the future dividing wall. G, the dividing walls have grown slowly in height between these points proximal to the vascular openings; through this compartmentalization, sculptural cells have developed that have a rather quadrangular shape at first. H, during appositional growth of the bone, the cells attain a polygonal (ideally hexagonal) outline via a sidewards shift (oblique growth) of the nodal points (arrows). For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 3. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 3. A, Zatrachys serratus (Temnospondyli, Zatracheidae), UCMP 34137. Posterior portion of the skull with radial and polygonal/tubercular sculpture. B, Lanthanosuchus watsoni (Parareptilia, Lanthanosuchidae), PIN 271/1. Posterior skull table with pronounced sculpture. C, Cochleosaurus bohemicus (Temnospondyli, Edopoidea), MB.Am.80, cast. The dermal sculpture is much subdued medial to the crest extending from the orbit to the snout. D, Vigilius wellesi (Stereospondyli, Brachyopoidea), ROM 23857, cast. Posterior portion of the skull, with sculptured bones (median part of the skull table) and bones that are largely smooth. E, Melosaurus uralensis (Stereospondylomorpha, Melosauridae), PIN 161/3. Symphysis in ventrolateral view. F, Gerrothorax pustuloglomeratus (Stereospondyli, Plagiosauridae), SMNS without number. Part of the mandible in labial view: whereas the angular is heavily sculptured, the dentary is only faintly striated. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 8 in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 8. Principal component analysis of 47 taxa of basal tetrapods based on the 12 characters defined in Appendix 2 (nominal data). The convex hulls cover taxa with the same presumed life habit. The criteria for the presumed life habit of each taxon plus references are listed in Appendix 4.

Figure 1. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 1. A, Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauroidea), SMNS without number. Parietals showing polygonal sculpture in the ossification centre and radial sculpture in the periphery. B, Gerrothorax pustuloglomeratus (Stereospondyli, Plagiosauridae), SMNS without number. SEM photograph of dorsal osteoderm showing tubercular sculpture. C, Metoposaurus fraasi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), UCMP 27103. Close-up of the regular polygonal sculpture on the parietal. D, Wetlugasaurus samarensis (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), PIN 4627/1. Close-up of polygonal sculpture on the parietal; the nodal points are elevated with respect to the sculptural ridges. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 9. Dermal sculpture characters displaying a in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 9. Dermal sculpture characters displaying a phylogenetic signal mapped on the reference topology. Reference topology based on Ruta et al. (2003), Ruta & Coates (2007), Schoch & Milner (2000), and Yates & Warren (2000). A, character 1. B, character 2. C, character 5. D, character 6. Grey shading refers to character state 1; black shading refers to character state 2. For definition of characters, see Appendix 2.

Figure 5. A–D in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 5. A–D, drawings of dermal sculpture and imprints of vessels. A, Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauroidea), SMNS 80878. Part of?nasal with imprints of large, branching vessels. B, Trimerorhachis insignis (Temnospondyli, Dvinosauria), MCZ 8286. Dermal sculpture in the region of the junction between the tabular, supratemporal, and postparietal. C, Cochleosaurus bohemicus (Temnospondyli, Edopoidea), MB.Am.80. Dermal sculpture of postparietal lappet. D, Captorhinus sp. (Eureptilia, Captorhinidae), UCMP 202967. Part of dermal skull roof with cells and furrows. For abbreviations, see text.

FIGURE 1 in Threat patterns and conservation status of endemic vascular flora in Argentina: a quantitative perspective

FIGURE 1. Pie chart showing preliminary threat assessments for Argentinean endemic species based on IUCN red list categories determined under criterion B. Number of endemic species under each category (top), total proportion of endemic species under each category (bottom). CR (critically endangered), DD (data deficient), EN (endangered), LC (least concern), NT (near threatened), VU (vulnerable), EW (extinct in the wild), EX (extinct).

FIGURE 5 in Threat patterns and conservation status of endemic vascular flora in Argentina: a quantitative perspective

FIGURE 5. Spatial patterns of threatened endemic species based on a spatial grid of 0.5 arc-degrees (~55 km). A. Map showing empirical (observed) species richness (SR) for threatened endemic species used to fit the models (response variable). B. Map of altitudinal heterogeneity (AH) used as predictor variable. C. Predicted SR for threatened endemic species using a generalized linear mixed model with fixed effects for AH and random effects for spatial distance. D. Partial effect of AH on SR, the blue line represents the average SR, the shadow area the 95% prediction intervals, and rugs the empirical values for variables. E. Scatterplot between observed SR and predicted SR values of threatened endemics in Argentina.

FIGURE 2 in Threat patterns and conservation status of endemic vascular flora in Argentina: a quantitative perspective

FIGURE 2. Threat levels for Argentinean endemics analyzed by family. A. Barplots showing number of species for each IUCN category. Numbers above the boxes correspond to the total number of endemic species within each family. B. Scatterplot showing the association between numbers of endemic and threatened endemic species for each family. Blue line represents least squares regression line.

FIGURE 4 in Threat patterns and conservation status of endemic vascular flora in Argentina: a quantitative perspective

FIGURE 4. Threat levels of endemic species for the different biogeographic provinces of Argentina. A. Biogeographic provinces colored according to their number of threatened endemics (VU+EN+CR) (number of total endemic species in square brackets). B. Barplots showing the proportion of species of each biogeographic province classified as non-threatened (LC+NT) and threatened (VU+EN+CR). Numbers above the boxes correspond to the total number of endemic species for each biogeographic province. C. Network graph representing statistically significant differences (α= 0.05) for the proportion of threatened endemics between each biogeographic province (Fisher's test with adjusted p-values for multiple comparisons). Circles (nodes) represent different biogeographic provinces and arrows (directed edges) should be interpreted as "with a statistically significant higher threat proportion at α= 0.05" (e.g., in Yungas → Monte, the Yungas shows a statistically significant higher threat proportion than the Monte with p<0.05).

FIGURE 6 in Threat patterns and conservation status of endemic vascular flora in Argentina: a quantitative perspective

FIGURE 6. Hotspots of threatened endemic species in Argentina obtained with the macroecological modeling and superimposed with the existing protected areas in the country. The histogram in the inset shows the frequency in the number of threatened endemic species per cell and the vertical arrow indicates the 2.5% hotspot criterion.

FIGURE 3 in Threat patterns and conservation status of endemic vascular flora in Argentina: a quantitative perspective

FIGURE 3. Threat levels for Argentinean endemics analyzed by the most representative life forms. Gray circles represent the total number of Argentinean endemic species for each life form, the red circles the number of threatened species (VU+EN+CR) (number of species and proportion). Silhouette images were used from the http://phylopic.org/ available under the Public Domain Dedication 1.0 license.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Auxin signaling and vascular cambium formation enables storage metabolism in cassava tuberous roots

Cassava storage roots are among the most important root crops worldwide and represent one of the most consumed staple foods in Sub-Saharan Africa. The vegetatively propagated tropical shrub can form many starchy tuberous roots from its stem. These storage roots are formed through the activation of secondary root growth processes. However, the underlying genetic regulation of storage root development is largely unknown. Here we report on distinct structural and transcriptional changes occurring during the early phases of storage root development. A pronounced increase in auxin-related transcripts and the transcriptional activation of secondary growth factors, as well as a decrease in gibberellin-related transcripts was observed during the early stages of secondary root growth. This was accompanied by increased cell wall biosynthesis, increased most notably during the initial xylem expansion within the root vasculature. Starch storage metabolism was activated only after the formation of the vascular cambium. The formation of non-lignified xylem parenchyma cells and the activation of starch storage metabolism coincided with increased expression of the KNOX/BEL genes KNAT1, PENNYWISE and POUND-FOOLISH, indicating their importance for proper xylem parenchyma function.

dryad32/100

Data from: Putting vascular epiphytes on the traits map

Epiphyte trait data for the paper Hietz et al. 2021 Putting vascular epiphytes on the traits map. Journal of Ecology Plant functional traits impact the fitness and environmental niche of plants. Major plant functional types have been characterized by their trait spectrum, and the environmental and phylogenetic imprints on traits have advanced several ecological fields. Yet very few trait data on epiphytes, which represent almost 10% of vascular plants, are available. We collated >80,000 mostly unpublished trait observations for 2,882 species of vascular epiphytes that were compared with non-epiphytic herbs and trees (mainly using data from www.try-db.org, which are not included in the Dryad dataset) to test hypotheses related to how the epiphytic habit affects traits, and if epiphytes occupy a distinct region in the global trait space. We also compared variation in traits among major groups of epiphytes, and investigated the coordination of traits in epiphytes, ground-rooted herbs and trees. Data include information on trait type, unit of measurement, species, individuals, location and data contributor. Epiphytes differ from ground-rooted plants mainly in traits related to water relations. Unexpectedly, we did not find lower leaf nutrient concentrations, except for nitrogen. Mean photosynthetic rates are much lower than in ground-rooted plants and lower than expected from the nitrogen concentrations. Trait syndromes clearly distinguish epiphytes from trees and from most non-epiphytic herbs. Among the three largest epiphytic taxa, orchids differ from bromeliads and ferns mainly by having smaller and more numerous stomata, while ferns differ from bromeliads by having thinner leaves, higher nutrient concentrations, and lower water content and water use efficiency. Trait networks differ among epiphytes, herbs and trees. While all have central nodes represented by specific leaf area and mass-based photosynthesis, in epiphytes, traits related to plant water relations have stronger connections, and nutrients other than potassium have weaker connections to the remainder of the trait network. Whereas stem specific density reflects mechanical support related to plant size in herbs and trees, in epiphytes it mostly reflects water storage and scales with leaf water content. Our findings advance our understanding of epiphyte ecology, but we note that currently mainly leaf traits are available. Important gaps are root, shoot and whole plant, demographic and gas exchange traits. We suggest how future research might use available data and fill data gaps.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →