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FIGURE 29 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 29. Color patterns and color tones variation of Leptophis occidentalis: (A) FMNH 282688 from Gracias a Díos, Bachi Kiamp, Honduras. Note that only the scales of rows VI–X possess prominent keels at midbody (i.e., before the reduction to 11 dorsal scale rows), which is typical (sensu Oliver 1948) in specimens of L. occidentalis from the Atlantic side of Central America; and (B) Uncollected specimen from El Limón, state of Aragua, Venezuela. The dorsal scales of rows II–XIV possess prominent keels, matching the diagnosis presented by Oliver (1948) to populations from the Pacific side of Central America. Photos by J.R. McCranie (A) and L.A. Rodríguez (B).
FIGURE 27 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 27. Color pattern and color tones of Leptophis occidentalis: Male syntype of L. occidentalis, BMNH 1946.1.6.62, SVL 946 mm (incomplete tail), from "Guayaquil and western Ecuador". General view (A). Black pigments are indistinct on most keels of dorsal scale rows in this specimen; however, the specimen has lost most of the stratum corneum, and as a result has not retained its original coloration. (B) Profile view. Note the presence of a postocular stripe (indicated by the arrow), a characteristic considered as indistinct when Günther (1859) described this species. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Photos by J. Klaczko.
FIGURE 28 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 28. Color patterns and color tones variation of Leptophis occidentalis: MVZ 83435, SVL 1075 mm (incomplete tail) from Yaviza, province of Darién, Panamá. Note the supracephalic scales slightly edged with black. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Photo by N.R. Albuquerque.
FIGURE 26 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 26. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis nigromarginatus: (A) LPHA 1731 and (B) MCZ 2792, both from Santarém, state of Pará, Brazil. The supracephalic scales in these specimens are slightly edged with black and parietals and supraoculars are ornamented (indicated by arrows) with one black spot each. Scale bars = 0.5 cm. Photos by N.R. Albuquerque.
FIGURE 25 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 25. Distribution and frequency map for Leptophis nigromarginatus based upon the material examined. Red (head pattern 1) and green (head pattern 2) colors refer to two different patterns related to the prominence of black borders and spots on the supraocular and parietal scales (see text for details). Circle sizes are proportional to the number of individuals with each color pattern per locality.
FIGURE 34 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 34. Color pattern and color tones of Leptophis urostictus (AMNN 115932) from the south bank of the San Juan River, department of Risaralda, Colombia. Note the keels on paravertebral scales heavily black (indicated by the arrow) (less prominent in the rows below). Photo by C.W. Myers.
FIGURE 22 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 22. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) sides of the hemipenes of Leptophis marginatus (FML 1624) from Puerto Pilcomayo, departament of Pilcomayo, Formosa Province, Argentina (A-B); L. urostictus (AMNH 109753) from Guanguí stream, department of Cauca, Colombia (C-D); L. occidentalis (ANSP 32397), from province of Limón, Costa Rica (E-F); and L. praestans (KU 55716) from El Petén, Guatemala (G-H) sides. Note the first row of moderate-sized spines in the first two species, and the enlarged spines in the latter two species. Scale bars = 0.5 cm. Photos by N.R. Albuquerque.
FIGURE 24 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 24. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis nigromarginatus: (A) dorsal view of KU 250505, SVL 1013 mm, a male from Nauta Caño, Río Marañón, Department of Loreto, Peru; (B) an uncollected banded juvenile specimen from Shushufindi, province of Sucumbíos, Ecuador; dorsal (C) and (D) lateral views of an uncollected specimen from Croa River, municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. Note the black edges on supracephalic scales, the ventral scales edged anteriorly and laterally with Robin's Egg Blue (161) (B, D), the dorsal scales of neck and body with prominent black margins, the presence of one or two black spots in center of each parietal, and one black spot on outer edge of supraocular scales in all specimens; although different in size, the presence of these spots is typical of this species. Note that the color of scales in dorsal rows 1–3 is yellow in the juvenile specimen. Photos by (A) W.W. Lamar, (B) S. Vizcarra and (C–D) L.S. Almeida.
FIGURE 21 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 21. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis marginatus: Male holotype AMNH 5514, SVL 1245 mm, from "Paraguay". Note that the dorsal coloration of the head and anterior portion of the body persists throughout the length of the body in this specimen. Photo by N.R. Albuquerque.
FIGURE 23 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 23. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis nigromarginatus: (A) dorsal view of the head and (B) ventral view of the body of the holotype (BMNH 1946.1.5.7) from "Upper Amazons". Arrow indicating ventral scale edged anteriorly and laterally with greenish blue, a characteristic thought by Oliver (1948: 246) to be typical of L. a. ortoni. Note two black spots in center of each parietal scale, a larger black spot on right supraocular scale, and two smaller spots on left supraocular scale; (C) KU 112279 and (D) KU 155512, a female and a male, respectively, from Santa Cecília, Ecuador. Both show distinct differences in the prominence of supracephalic black borders and spots, being both more prominent in the female specimen. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Photos by N.R. Albuquerque (A –B) and A. Motta (C–D).
FIGURE 20 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 20. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis marginatus: (A) IBSP 63731 from the municipality of Presidente Epitácio, state of São Paulo, Brazil; and (B) INALI 969, SVL 1020 mm, a male specimen from province of Santa Fé, Argentina. Note dorsal bright green coloration similar to specimens from Paraguay and Uruguay. Four median rows of dorsal scales of the tail are keeled in this specimen (indicated by the arrow), at least on anterior portion of the tail. Photos by O.A.V. Marques (A) and A.J. Giraudo (B).
FIGURE 19 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 19. Color patterns and color tones variability of Leptophis marginatus: Male holotype AMNH 5514, SVL 1245 mm, from "Paraguay". Dorsal (A) and (B) lateral views of the head. Scale bars = 0.5 cm. Photos by N.R. Albuquerque.
FIGURE 18 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 18. Distribution of Leptophis bolivianus, L. liocercus, L. marginatus, and L. nigromarginatus based upon the material examined.
FIGURE 16 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 16. Color pattern and color tones of Leptophis liocercus: Male holotype AMNH 3531, SVL 1144 mm (incomplete tail), from an unspecified locality in the tropical forests of Brazil. Dorsal (A) and (B) ventral views of the head; dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of the holotype. Scale bars = 0.5 cm. Photos by N.R. Albuquerque.
FIGURE 32 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 32. Color pattern and color tones of Leptophis praestans: Profile view of the UMMZ 74851 from El Petén, Guatemala. This juvenile specimen retains traces of a postocular stripe (indicated by the arrow) reduced to black margin on eighth and ninth supralabials, occupying lower one-third of anterior temporal and lower one-third of posterior temporal, suggesting a possible ontogenetic change in L. praestans. This condition is absent in adult specimens. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Photo by N.R. Albuquerque.
FIGURE 30 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 30. Color pattern and color tones of Leptophis praestans: UTA 12685 from Blue Creek Village, district of Toledo, Belize. Arrow indicating yellow chevron-shaped marks on the interstitial skin. Photo by W.W. Lamar, courtesy of J.A. Campbell.
FIGURE 17 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 17. Color pattern and color tones of Leptophis liocercus: (A) MZUFV 2082, SVL 1594 mm, a female from Linhares, Espírito Santo. Note the head scales slightly edged with black (indicated by the arrow); (B) IBSP 88574, SVL 1072 mm, a female from the municipality of São Mateus, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Photos by M.R. Moura (A) and R.D. Moysés (B).
FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 13. Paratypes of Leptophis coeruleodorsus. (A) USNM 59931 from "Trinidad". Note the contact between the last supralabial with the anterior temporal. (B) MCZ 11994 and (C) MCZ 11995 from Tobago, near Milford Bay, SW Tobago. Note the subacuminate snout in profile and the rostral barely visible from above in MCZ 11994 and MCZ 11995, respectively (indicated by the arrows); (D) A specimen from San Juan de los Morros en el Estado Guarico, Venezuela, swallowing an Emeraldeyed Treefrog Boana crepitans (Wied-Neuwied), showing a "normal" rounded snout. Courtesy of Division of Amphibians & Reptiles/NMNH/Smithsonian Institution (A), Courtesy of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and Harvard University (B and C), M.A.Natera-Mumaw (D).
FIGURE 15 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 15. Color pattern and color tones of Leptophis dibernardoi: An uncataloged CHUFC female from Parnaíba, state of Piauí, Brazil. Photo by R.W. Ávila.
FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic revision of the parrot snake Leptophis ahaetulla (Serpentes, Colubridae)
FIGURE 14. Lateral view of the left side of head of the holotype of Leptophis haileyi (CAS 245313). Note that an azygous scale (indicated by the arrow) prevents contact between the last supralabial and the anterior temporal. Photo by E.J. Ely.
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