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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

The simulated monthly runoff data in the historical period and under future climate scenarios of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

This data provides the simulated monthly runoff data under the historical period (1979-2014) and future (2049-2084) climate scenarios for four sub-basins of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, including Nugexia, Nuxia, Lasha, and Rikaze. This runoff data is simulated based on the GR4J model coupled with a simple degree-day snow module. The GR4J_SNOW performs parameterization and calculates runoff on each grid cell, and the gridded simulated runoff then converges to the outlet of the sub-basin. Time series of the daily records for meteorological forcing data (precipitation, air temperature, vapor pressure, wind speed, downward long-wave radiation, and downward short-wave radiation) from 1979-2014 was provided by China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD).  Future climate scenarios were generated using the combined climate forcing data together with scaling factors obtained from empirical downscaling of 30 available CMIP5 models (28 GCMs for RCP4.5 and 29 GCMs for RCP8.5). The simulated runoff under RCP4.5 and RCP8.4 are the ensemble averages of 28 and 29 simulated runoff results, respectively.

Data associated with: Climate change will likely threaten areas of suitable habitats for the most relevant medicinal plants native to the Caatinga dry forest

Medicinal plants play an important role in providing ecosystem services, such as local cultural and economic value, and human well-being, especially in poor regions. The use of plants to improve living conditions and increase the chances of survival comes from the beginning of human life. Climate change has the potential to contract areas of suitable habitat for medicinal plant species across different regions. As a consequence of climate change, the possibility of treating diseases can be compromised, and even interrupted. We collected data from the medicinal applications and the parts that are used of 10 species of medicinal plants native to the Caatinga dry forest [i.e., Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae), Cereus jamacaru DC (Cactaceae), Neocalyptrocalyx longifolium (Mart) Cornejo & Iltis (Caparaceae), Maytenus rigida Mart (Celastraceae), Operculina hamiltonii (G Don) DF Austin Staples, Operculina macrocarpa (L) Urb (Convolvulaceae), Amburana cearensis (Allemao) AC Sm, Anadenantehra colubrina (Vell) Brenan, Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong) Steud and Erythrina velutina Willd (Legimonosae). In addition, we also collected precise georeferenced data (native occurrence) of these medicinal plant species, that was accessed in 1) The Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform (GBIF) is an international data network funded by governments around the world, providing open access to data on all life on Earth (https:// www.gbif.org, accessed May 2022); 2) REFLORA - Herbário Virtual, virtual herbarium network that contains information on Brazilian plants that are deposited in 63 herbaria in Brazil and 10 international herbaria (http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual, accessed May 2022); 3) Botanical Information and Ecology Network Platform (BIEN), a global information network that helps to document patterns of plant diversity, trait records and distribution, which includes georeferenced plant observation data from herbarium records, plots, survey inventories (https://bien .nceas.ucsb.edu/bien/biendata, accessed May 2022) and 4) 95 botanical monographs and floras. We excluded all repeated and mismatch occurrence data for each species. We collected all the available points for the studied species.

openother-openJul 2022View details →

Data from: Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub

Data from "Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub" published in Ecology and Evolution. doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9198

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Climate warming leads to advanced fruit development period of temperate woody species but divergent changes in its length

Climate warming has significantly altered the phenology of plants in recent decades. However, in contrast to the widely reported warming-induced extension of vegetative growing season, the response of fruit development period (FDP) from flowering to fruiting remains largely unexplored, particularly for woody plants. Analyzing >560,000 in situ observations of both flowering and fruiting dates for six temperate woody species across 2958 European phenological observations sites during 1980 – 2013, we found that in all species both flowering and fruiting phenology, i.e., the FDP, advanced with climate warming. However, the advancing rates of the two events were not necessarily equal for any given species, resulting in divergent changes in the length of FDP among species with climate warming. During 1980 – 2013, not only the temperature during FDP but also the forcing requirement for fruit development increased, both affecting the length of FDP. The shortened FDP was mainly due to elevated temperature, thus accelerating the accumulation of forcing, whereas the prolonged FDP was primarily caused by the substantial increase of the forcing requirement of fruiting, which could be fulfilled only in a longer time and thus slowed down the advance of fruiting. This study provides large-scale empirical evidence of warming-induced advances of FDP but divergent changes in its length in temperate woody species. Our findings demonstrate the contrasting reproductive phenological strategies among temperate woody species under the pressure of warming climate, contrary to the lengthening of vegetative growing season, which is by and largely similar with different woody species.

Data collected by citizen scientists reveal the role of climate and phylogeny on the frequency of shelter types used by frogs across the Americas

Supplementary Material  of the manuscript on frog shelters across americas. Raw data and figures. Table S1. The number of all anuran observations per species per country in the iNaturalist dataset on July 1, 2021. Table S2. Distribution of shelter types among frog species retrieved from the iNaturalist platform across the Americas. Species with shelter first time reports are marked with *, shelter types are: AH = Holes in an artificial material; AS = Artificial surface; HG = Hole in the ground; HR = Among rocks; VBa = Hollow in bamboo; VBr = Bromelias or bromelia-like plants; VL = Live vegetation; VT = Tree trunk; VD = Leaf litter; WA = Water Table S3. Anuran shelter sites around the world based on our literature review. *indicates the reference is secondary literature

Probabilistic modeling of the indoor climates of residential buildings using EnergyPlus - data set of indoor temperature and relative humidity

This data supplements the journal article:  Buechler E, Pallin S, Boudreaux P, Stockdale M. Probabilistic modeling of the indoor climates of residential buildings using EnergyPlus. Journal of Building Physics. 2017;41(3):225-246. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1744259117701893">10.1177/1744259117701893</a> Abstract: The indoor air temperature and relative humidity in residential buildings significantly affect material moisture durability, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system performance, and occupant comfort. Therefore, indoor climate data are generally required to define boundary conditions in numerical models that evaluate envelope durability and equipment performance. However, indoor climate data obtained from field studies are influenced by weather, occupant behavior, and internal loads and are generally unrepresentative of the residential building stock. Likewise, whole-building simulation models typically neglect stochastic variables and yield deterministic results that are applicable to only a single home in a specific climate. The purpose of this study was to probabilistically model homes with the simulation engine EnergyPlus to generate indoor climate data that are widely applicable to residential buildings. Monte Carlo methods were used to perform 840,000 simulations on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory supercomputer (Titan) that accounted for stochastic variation in internal loads, air tightness, home size, and thermostat set points. The Effective Moisture Penetration Depth model was used to consider the effects of moisture buffering. The effects of location and building type on indoor climate were analyzed by evaluating six building types and 14 locations across the United States. The average monthly net indoor moisture supply values were calculated for each climate zone, and the distributions of indoor air temperature and relative humidity conditions were compared with ASHRAE 160 and EN 15026 design conditions. The indoor climate data will be incorporated into an online database tool to aid the building community in designing effective heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems and moisture durable building envelopes. This supplemental data set includes the hourly temperature and relative humidity for the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile simulations for each building type in each climate zone. The column headings are of the following format buildingtype_climatezone_output_percentile. There are six building types, B1 (unfinished basement 1-story), B2 (unfinished basement 2-story), C1 (unvented crawlspace 1-story), C2 (unvented crawlspace 2-story), S1 (slab 1-story), and S2 (slab 2-story).

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data for: Forecasting shifts in habitat suitability of three marine predators suggests a rapid decline in inter-specific overlap under future climate change

Aim: To estimate spatiotemporal changes in habitat suitability and inter-specific overlap among three marine predators: Baltic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus grypus), harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) under contemporary and future conditions. Location: The southwestern region of the Baltic Sea, including the Danish Straits and the Kattegat, one of the fastest-warming semi-enclosed seas in the world. Methods: Location data (>200 tagged individuals) were analysed within the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm to estimate changes in total area size and overlap of species-specific habitat suitability between 1997-2020 and 2091-2100. A total of eleven candidate predictor variables were considered representing anthropogenic activity, environmental, and climate sensitive oceanographic conditions in the area. Sea surface temperature and salinity data were taken from representative concentration pathways [RCPs] scenarios 6.0 and 8.5 to forecast potential climate change effects. Results: Model output suggests that habitat suitability of Baltic grey seals will decline drastically over space and time, largely driven by changes in sea surface salinity and a loss of currently available haulout sites following sea level rise in the future. A similar though weaker response was observed for harbour seals, while suitability of habitat for harbour porpoises was predicted to remain fairly stable over space and time. Inter-specific overlap in highly suitable habitat was predicted to increase slightly under RCP scenario 6.0 when compared to contemporary conditions but to largely disappear under RCP scenario 8.5. Main conclusions: Marine predators in the southwestern Baltic Sea and adjacent waters may respond differently to future climatic conditions, leading to divergent shifts in habitat suitability that are likely to decrease inter-specific overlap. We, therefore, conclude that climate change can lead to a marked redistribution of area use by marine predators in the region, which may influence local food-web dynamics and ecosystem functioning.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data from: Changes to climate patterns significantly alter the growth of juvenile Chinook and steelhead in the Salmon River, Idaho

dataset used for: Changes to climate patterns significantly alter the growth of juvenile Chinook and steelhead in the Salmon River, Idaho

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data from "Projections of leaf turgor loss point shifts under future climate change scenarios" (Tordoni et al. 2022 Global Change Biology)

The dataset includes four sheets representing the average turgor loss point (tlp) values at grid cell level (tlp_data) and the climatic variables and related climate change scenarios derived from the three models used in this study (HadGEM2-ES-RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_CCLM4-8-17, respectively). The sheet "tlp_data" reports the cell ID (OGU) and the average tlp values for each taxonomic group considered in this study (gymnosperms, angiosperms, herbaceous and woody angiosperms).  Each of the other three sheets reports the cell ID (OGU), coordinates of the cell centroid (Long, Lat) and a set of six climatic variables: 95th percentiles of average temperature (BIO1.95, °C), temperature seasonality (BIO4, °C), annual consecutive frost days where temperature was ≤ 0 °C (CFD.ann, n° days), annual consecutive dry days where precipitation was < 1 mm (CDD.ann, n° days), 5th percentiles of cumulate annual precipitation (BIO12.5, mm), and precipitation seasonality (BIO15, %). For each model, "hist" refers to historical data encompassing the period 1970-2005, whereas "RCP2.6" and "RCP8.5" reports the average value of future projections for the period 2080-2100 in two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5).

Data for: Temperate and tropical lizards are vulnerable to climate warming due to increased water loss and heat stress

Climate warming has imposed profound impacts on species globally. Understanding the vulnerabilities of species from different latitudinal regions to warming climates is critical for biological conservation. Using five species of Takydromus lizards as a study system, we quantified physiological and life-history responses and geography range change across latitudes under climate warming. Using integrated biophysical models and hybrid species distribution models, we found: (1) thermal safety margin is larger at high latitudes, and is predicted to decrease under climate warming for lizards at all latitudes; (2) climate warming will speed up embryonic development and increase annual activity time of adult lizards, but will exacerbate water loss of adults across all latitudes; and (3) species across latitudes are predicted to experience habitat contraction under climate warming due to different limitations: tropical and subtropical species are vulnerable due to increased extremely high temperatures, whereas temperate species are vulnerable due to both extremely high temperatures and increased water loss. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the vulnerability of species from different latitudinal regions to climate warming in ectotherms and also highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors, behavior, physiology, and life-history responses in predicting the risk of species to climate warming.

Data for: Modeling the distribution of the endangered Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus) in relation to geology, topography, and climate

The Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus; hereafter JMS) is an endangered salamander restricted to the Jemez Mountains in north-central New Mexico, United States. This strictly terrestrial species requires moist surface conditions for mating and foraging. Threats to its current habitat include fire suppression and ensuing severe fires, changes in forest composition, habitat fragmentation, and climate change. Forest composition changes resulting from reduced fire frequency and increased tree density suggest that its current aboveground habitat does not mirror its historically successful habitat regime. We hypothesized that geology and topography might play a significant role in the current distribution of the salamander. We modeled the distribution of the JMS using a machine learning algorithm to assess how geology, topography, and climate variables influence its distribution. Our habitat suitability map reveals low uncertainty in model predictions, and we found slight discrepancies between the designated critical habitat and the most suitable areas for the JMS. Because geological features are important to its distribution, we recommend that geological and topographical data are considered, both during survey design and in the description of localities of JMS records once detected.

Data on: Climate drives the spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus in China

This dataset is the data used in the paper of Global change biology entitled "Climate drives the spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus in China". We incorporate Chinese national surveillance data on scrub typhus from 2010 to 2019 into a climate-driven generalized additive mixed model to explain the spatiotemporal dynamics of this disease and predict how it may be affected by climate change under various representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for three future time periods (the 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s). This dataset provides important information on the projected cases of scrub typhus in mainland China under various RCPs (RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5) for three future time periods, which can help public health authorities refine their prevention and control measures to reduce the disease risk.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data for 'Vast ecosystem disturbance in a warming climate may jeopardize our climate goal of reducing CO2: a case study for the megafires in Australian 'Black Summer''

These data support the manuscript 'Vast ecosystem disturbance in a warming climate may jeopardize our climate goal of reducing CO2 a case study for the megafires in Australian ‘Black Summer'', including megafire CO2 emissions  in Australian 'Black Summer' estimated by BBM model and a top-down method. The  delta RF simulations by GEOS-Chem RRTMG are also contained. In each separate folder there is a README.txt file as a user's guide. The methodology for deriving the datasets and more information can be found in the manuscript and SI.

Data for: Social-ecological vulnerability of fishing communities to climate change: a U.S. West Coast case study

Climate change is already impacting coastal communities, and ongoing and future shifts in fisheries species productivity from climate change have implications for the livelihoods and cultures of coastal communities. Harvested marine species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem support U.S. West Coast communities economically, socially, and culturally. Ecological vulnerability assessments exist for individual species in the California Current but ecological and human vulnerability are linked and vulnerability is expected to vary by community. Here, we present automatable, reproducible methods for assessing the vulnerability of U.S. West Coast fishing-dependent communities to climate change within a social-ecological vulnerability framework. We first assessed the ecological risk of marine resources, on which fishing communities rely, to 50 years of climate change projections. We then combined this with the adaptive capacity of fishing communities, based on social indicators, to assess the potential ability of communities to cope with future changes. Specific communities (particularly in Washington state) were determined to be at risk to climate change mainly due to economic reliance on at risk marine fisheries species, like salmon, hake, or sea urchins. But, due to higher social adaptive capacity, these communities were often not found to be the most vulnerable overall. Conversely, certain communities that were not the most at risk, ecologically and economically, ranked in the category of highly vulnerable communities due to low adaptive capacity based on social indicators (particularly in Southern California). Certain communities were both ecologically at risk due to catch composition and socially vulnerable (low adaptive capacity) leading to the highest tier of vulnerability. The integration of climatic, ecological, economic, and societal data reveals that factors underlying vulnerability are variable across fishing communities on the U.S West Coast, and suggests the need to develop a variety of well-aligned strategies to adapt to the ecological impacts of climate change.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Data from: Climatic stress decreases tick survival but increases rate of host-seeking behavior

Ticks are vectors of many diseases and are expanding in geographic distribution. However, how ticks will fare in their new environments where they may experience stressful climatic conditions at the expansion front remains unclear. Since there is a trade-off in ticks between behaviors that promote longevity and behaviors that promote reproduction, we hypothesized that extreme climatic stress reduces the survivorship of ticks but increases the frequency of tick host-seeking behavior or questing. Here, we used a novel method to simulate climatic stress on individual ticks of three species – Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis – to evaluate their survival, physiology, and questing behavior. The first experiment involved placing 144 adult ticks of each species in two temperature ranges (15-25 °C and 25-35 °C) and three relative humidity treatments (32% RH, 58% RH, and 84% RH). We assessed the ticks daily for survivorship and questing, and we measured water loss by comparing the mass of each tick when it died to when it was fully hydrated. In this first experiment, ticks in warmer and less humid conditions generally died faster than in cooler and more humid conditions. Ticks of all three species were more likely to quest shortly before their death and consistently died after losing approximately 50-56% of total body water content, but Ixodes reached that threshold much faster than the other two species. The second experiment involved placing 18 ticks of each species at 35 °C and 32% RH. We assessed the ticks every three hours for survivorship, questing, and water loss. Ticks again were more likely to quest shortly before their death. With frequent checks, we were able to measure the dehydration tolerance more accurately and the rate of water loss. Ticks of all three species consistently died after losing approximately 51% of total body water content. However, Ixodes lost water approximately 5× faster than Amblyomma and 11× faster than Dermacentor. These results demonstrate that severe climatic stress tilts the trade-off toward higher questing rates, but not higher overall questing time because of reduced survival rates. Further investigations of ticks' behavioral and physiological responses to abiotic stress are necessary to develop robust models of how climate change will affect the transmission of tick-borne diseases.

Data from: Will climate change cause the global peatland to expand or contract? Evidence from the habitat shift pattern of Sphagnum mosses

Peatlands play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Sphagnum mosses (peat mosses) are considered to be the peatland ecosystem engineers and contribute to the carbon accumulation in the peatland ecosystems. As cold-adapted species, the dominance of Sphagnum mosses in peatlands will be threatened by climate warming. The response of Sphagnum mosses to climate change is closely related to the future trajectory of carbon fluxes in peatlands. However, the impact of climate change on the habitat suitability of Sphagnum mosses on a global scale is poorly understood. To predict the potential impact of climate change on the global distribution of Sphagnum mosses, we used the MaxEnt model to predict the potential geographic distribution of six Sphagnum species that dominate peatlands in the future (2050 and 2070) under two greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5). The results show that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the driest month, and topsoil calcium carbonate are the main factors affecting the habitat availability of Sphagnum mosses. As the climate warms, Sphagnum mosses tend to migrate northward. The suitable habitat and abundance of Sphagnum mosses increase extensively in the high-latitude boreal peatland (north of 50° N) and decrease on a large scale beyond the high-latitude boreal peatland. The southern edge of boreal peatlands would experience the greatest decline in the suitable habitat and richness of Sphagnum mosses with the temperature rising, and would be a risk area for the transition from carbon sink to carbon source. The spatial-temporal pattern changes of Sphagnum mosses simulated in this study provide a reference for the development of management and conservation strategies for Sphagnum bogs.

Climate change effects on deep-water corals – habitat suitability model input data

Deep-water corals are protected in the seas around New Zealand by legislation that prohibits intentional damage and removal, and by marine protected areas where bottom trawling is prohibited. However, these measures do not protect them from the impacts of a changing climate and ocean acidification. To enable adequate future protection from these threats we require knowledge of the present distribution of corals and the environmental conditions that determine their preferred habitat, as well as the likely future changes in these conditions, so that we can identify areas for potential refugia. In this study, we built habitat suitability models for 12 taxa of deep-water corals using a comprehensive set of sample data and predicted present and future seafloor environmental conditions from an earth system model specifically tailored for the South Pacific. These models predicted that for most taxa there will be substantial shifts in the location of the most suitable habitat and decreases in the area of such habitat by the end of the 21st century, driven primarily by decreases in seafloor oxygen concentrations, shoaling of aragonite and calcite saturation horizons, and increases in nitrogen concentrations. The current network of protected areas in the region appear to provide little protection for most coral taxa, as there is little overlap with areas of highest habitat suitability, either in the present or the future. We recommend an urgent re-examination of the spatial distribution of protected areas for deep-water corals in the region, utilising spatial planning software that can balance protection requirements against value from fishing and mineral resources, take into account the current status of the coral habitats after decades of bottom trawling, and consider connectivity pathways for colonisation of corals into potential refugia.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Data from: Predicting range shifts of the giant pandas under future climate and land use scenarios

Aim: Understanding and predicting how species will respond to global environmental change (i.e., climate and land use change) is essential to efficiently inform conservation and management strategies for authorities and managers. Here, we assessed the combined effect of future climate and land use change on the potential range shifts of the giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Location: Sichuan Province, China. Methods: We used ensemble species distribution models (SDMs) to forecast range shifts of the giant pandas by the 2050s and 2070s under four combined climate and land use change scenarios. We also compared the differences in distributional changes of giant pandas among the five mountains in the study area. Results: Our ensemble SDMs exhibited good model performance in terms of both AUC (0.931) and TSS (0.747), and suggested that precipitation seasonality, annual mean temperature, the proportion of forest cover and total annual precipitation are the most important factors in shaping the current distribution patterns for the giant pandas. Our projections of future species distribution also suggested a range expansion under an optimistic greenhouse gas emission, while suggesting a range contraction under a pessimistic greenhouse gas emission. Moreover, we found that there is considerable variation in the projected range change patterns among the five mountains in the study area. Especially, the suitable habitat of the giant panda is predicted to increase under all scenarios in Minshan mountains, while is predicted to decrease under all scenarios in Daxiangling and Liangshan mountains, indicating the vulnerability of the giant pandas at low latitudes. Main conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach that combines climate and land use change to predict the future species distribution and the need for a spatial explicit consideration of the projected range change patterns of target species for guiding conservation and management strategies.

Data and code of Land use scenario for 'Development of common socio-economic scenarios for climate change impact assessments in Japan'

Land use scenario calculation: Executable files, source code files and data files This dataset contains program codes and input data used for reproducing land use scenarios explained in Chapter 5.2 in Yoshikawa et al. (submitted to GMDD). We found a few fatal errors in the following code. These code were fixed from version 2 (http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7090670). /Step3/a01_calc_land_use.py /Step3/a01_calc_land_use_std.py /Step3/a01_calc_land_use_rate.py /Step3/run03.bat