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FIGURE 4 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 4. Anasinopa leakeyi left maxilla cast with dP2, dP3 and dP4 (KNM-RU 2385) from Rusinga Island (early Miocene), Kenya in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 6. Dissopsalis pyroclasticus left maxilla with dP3 and dP4 (KNM-FT 3357) from Fort Ternan (early Miocene), Kenya in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 2. Apterodon macrognathus left dentary with dP3, dP4, M1 and M2 in crypt (DPC 8217) from Quarry M (early Oligocene) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Original specimen figured with digital model based on µ-CT scans reconstructed in Avizo. Mandibular corpus rendered transparent to reveal developing dentition. Grey, deciduous dentition. Yellow, permanent dentition. 1) Specimen occlusal view; 2) model occlusal view; 3) specimen lingual view; 4) model lingual view; 5) specimen buccal view; 6) model buccal view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 1. Apterodon macrognathus left maxilla fragment with dP4 and alveoli of dP3 (DPC 4126) from Quarry M (early Oligocene) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)

FIGURE 3. Leakitherium hiwegi maxilla fragments from Rusinga Island (early Miocene), Kenya. KNM-RU 2949 (CMF 4025 in Savage, 1965) is a left maxilla fragment dP3 and dP4 shown in 1) occlusal view; 2) buccal view; and 3) lingual view. KNM-RU 15182 is a right maxilla fragment with dP3 and dP4 and the germ of P4 shown in 4) occlusal view; 5) buccal view; 6) lingual view; 7) dorsal view; 8) and distal view. The well-developed germ of P4 is best viewed in dorsal and distal view. Specimens are to scale and scale bar is 10 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 10. Skull and mandible outlines in dorsal view. 1 and 2, Catonyx tarijensis (FMNH P 14243); 3 and 4, Catonyx tarijensis (FMNH P 14238); 5 and 6, Catonyx chiliensis (BM(NH)M 2819 Type, MHIN-UNSL-GEO V 199); 7 and 8, Catonyx cuvieri (MCL 4265, MCL 22683).

FIGURE 6 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 6. Catonyx tarijensis. Skull and mandible in dorsal view. 1 and 2 FMNH P 14238. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 7. Catonyx chiliensis. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, BM(NH)M 2819; 2, MHIN-UNSL-GEO V 199. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 3. Scelidotherium bravardi. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, MMP 157-S; 2, holotype BM(NH)M 37626. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 2. Scelidotherium leptocephalum. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, MMP 1155-M; 2, MACN 9625. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 5. Catonyx tarijensis. Skull and mandible in dorsal view. 1 and 2 FMNH P 14243. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 9. Skull outlines in dorsal view. 1 and 2, Scelidotherium leptocephalum (MMP 1155-M, MACN 9625); 3 and 4, Scelidotherium bravardi (MMP 157-S, BM(NH)M 37626); 5 and 6, Valgipes bucklandi (MCL 4294, 4393).

FIGURE 4 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 4. Valgipes bucklandi. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, MCL 4294; 2, MCL 4293. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Dimorphism in Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga)

FIGURE 8. Catonyx cuvieri. Skulls in dorsal view. 1, MCL 4265; 2, MCL 22683. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 6. Occlusal pattern of the dp4 of: 1, specimen from Şemsettin (SMT-2); 2, Hyotherium mesneri (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, illustrated after van der Made, 1994, plate IV4b, mirror view); 3, Aureliachoerus aurelianensis (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, MNHN Ar 2566); 4, Nguruwe kijivium (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, KNM SO1062, mirror view), 5, Eurolistriodon tenarezensis (Suidae, Listriodontinae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 6H); 6, Palaeochoerus (Palaeochoeridae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 6G); 7, Egatochoerus (Suoidea incertae sedis, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 6F); 8, Sanitherium (Sanitheriidae, THY 9, figured in Bonis et al., 1997); 9, Taucanamo sansaniense (MNHN Sa 4618, mirror view). All teeth represented with the same length, not to scale. Abbreviations: E, entoconid; ectE, ectoendocristid; ectH, ectohypocritid; ectP, ectoprotocristid; enE, endoentocristid; enH, endohypocritid; enPrm, endoprimocristid; H, Hypoconid; Hul, Hypoconulide; M, metacristid; P, Protoconid; Pa, paraconid; posecM, postectometacristid; posecP, postectoprotocristid; posH, posthypocristid; posM, postmetacristid; posP, postprotocristid; posPa, postparacristid; posPrm, postprimocristide; preM, premetacristid; prep, preprotocristide; prePa, preparacristid; prePrm, preprimonid; Prm, primonid.

FIGURE 2. Figure 2 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 2. Figure 2 Suid remains from Şemsettin, Çankiri-Çorum Basin, north Central Anatolia. Nguruwe? galaticum sp. nov.:1-3, fragmentary cranium, type specimen SMT-1 in 1) occlusal, 2) left lateral, 3) right lateral views; 6-9, right canine associated to SMT-1 in 6) ventral, 7) posterior, 8) lateral, 9) anterior view; 10-14, left P3 associated to SMT-1 in 10) occlusal, 11) labial, 12) anterior, 13) lingual, 14) posterior views. Hyotheriinae gen. et sp. indet: 4-5, isolated right dp4 SMT-2 in 4) occlusal, 5) labial views. Arrows indicate anterior direction for jugal teeth. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 5. Boxplots of 1, Antero-Posterior Length (APL) and 2, Labio-Lingual Length (LLL) measurements of Hyotherium meisneri in light grey (measurements from van der Made, 1994), Aureliachoerus aurelianensis in black (measurements from the material from Artenay curated in the MNHN and from van der Made and Morales, 1999), Chicochoerus minus in white (measurements from van der Made, 1998; van der Made and Morales, 1999; Orliac et al., 2006), Nguruwe kijivium in stripes (measurements from Pickford, 1986), Nguruwe namibense in dark grey (measurements from Pickford, 2008). The specimens from Şemsettin are represented by black stars. Abbreviations: C. m, Chicochoerus minus; H. m, Hyotherium meisneri; N. k, Nguruwe kijivium.

FIGURE 1 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 1. Geological map of the region around the Şemsettin locality (modified from Karadenizli et al., 2004 and from Özcan et al., 2007) and lithostratigraphic column across the Şemsettin locality (modified from Karadenizli et al., 2004).

FIGURE 4 in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 4. Occlusal pattern of the M2 of: 1, specimen from Şemsettin (SMT-1); 2, Aureliachoerus aurelianensis (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, MNHN Ar 2611); 3, Hyotherium meisneri (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, van der Made, 1994, plate IV7); 4, Nguruwe kijivium (Suidae, Hyotheriinae, KNM); 5, Sanitherium (Sanitheriidae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 5J); 6, Palaeochoerus (Palaeochoeridae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 5H); 7, Taucanamo (Palaeochoeridae, modified after Orliac et al., 2011, figure 5I). Not to scale. Abbreviations: cul, centroconule; enP, endoprotocrista; enPa, endoparacrista; M, metacone; mesl, mesiostyle; mestl, metastyle; P, Protocone; Pa, paraconule; Pasl, parastyle; Paul, paraconule; posM, postmetacrista; posPa, postparacrista; preM, premetacrista; preP, preprotocrista; prePa, preparacrista.

FIGURE 3. 3D in Small hyotheriine suids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late early Miocene of Turkey and a short overview of early Miocene small suoids in the Old World

FIGURE 3. 3D reconstruction of SMT-1 from Şemsettin in occlusal view and 1-2) CT scan slide showing root structure at different sections of the specimen: 1) buccal; 2) lingual. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Scale bar equals 10 mm.