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Data from: Wide gape in the Ordovician brachiopod Rafinesquina explains how unattached filter-feeding strophomenoids thrived on muddy substrates
<p>Strophomenoid brachiopods had thin, concavo-convex shells, were ubiquitous colonisers of Paleozoic muddy seafloors, and are hypothesised to have filter-fed in a concave upward orientation. This orientation would elevate their line of commissure out of potentially lethal lophophore-clogging mud. The paradox is that epibiont distributions on strophomenoids support a convex-upward life position, as do studies of strophomenoid stability and trace fossils formed by strophomenoid sediment-clearing. A premise of the concave-upward orientation hypothesis is a narrow gape, which causes narrow, high velocity inhalant currents, leaving strophomenoids vulnerable to sediment entrainment. Herein we investigate the gape angle of Rafinesquina using serial thin sections and peels, silicified specimens, computer modelling, SEM analysis, X-ray microCT, and 3-D printing. Hinge line structure suggests that, conservatively, Rafinesquina could gape 40–45°. Such a gape occurred when diductor muscle contraction could not cause any further rotation, hinge teeth and crenulations were disengaged, and interareas interlocked. In contrast, when closed, hinge teeth were locked in hinge sockets. This wide gape eliminates constraints on feeding orientation. In either convex-up or concave-up orientation, Rafinesquina could feed with slow, diffuse inhalant currents incapable of disturbing sediment, and could snap valves shut to forcefully expel enough water to clear sediment from the mantle cavity, explaining moat-shaped trace fossils associated with shells. Our findings demonstrate that Rafinesquina gaped at an angle approximately equal to the angle between the two interareas when the valves are closed. Our analyses also hint that other strophomenoids with similar interarea angles lived with their shells widely agape.</p>
FIGURE 2 in The pliomerid trilobite Ibexaspis and related new genera, with species from the Early Ordovician (Floian; Tulean, Blackhillsian) of the Great Basin, western USA
FIGURE 2. Single most parsimonious cladogram derived by implicit enumeration from the taxon-character matrix of Table 1. Length = 57, consistency index = 0.85, and retention index = 0.91. Homoplastic states are shown as open symbols. The number above each symbol is the character number and the number below is the state number. 1. Character-state transformations optimized under the accelerated transformation (ACCTRAN) criterion. Bootstrap scores are shown at each node. The first number is the absolute bootstrap frequency (only values greater than 50% are listed) and the second is the GC metric (Goloboff et al., 2003). 2. Character-state transformations optimized under the delayed transformation (DELTRAN) criterion. Bremer support values are shown at each node.
FIGURE 1 in The pliomerid trilobite Ibexaspis and related new genera, with species from the Early Ordovician (Floian; Tulean, Blackhillsian) of the Great Basin, western USA
FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of stratigraphic distribution of species of Ibexaspis, Deltapliomera, Tuleaspis, and Millardaspis in Floian (Tulean–Blackhillsian) sections of the Yellow Hill Limestone in eastern Nevada (Section YH), Fillmore Formation and Wah Wah Formation in western Utah (Sections G, H, J), and the Garden City Formation in southeastern Idaho (Sections HC5, HC6). Measurements are in metres. Metreages are not to scale. The zonation is that established by Adrain et al. (2009), with additions and modifications by McAdams and Adrain (2010, 2011a, 2011b), Adrain and McAdams (2012), and herein (see text).
FIGURE 1 in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
FIGURE 1. Rostral plates of species of Pseudocybele Ross, 1951, and Lemureops McAdams and Adrain, 2009. All specimens are currently under study and no species assignments have yet been made. All are from the Fillmore Formation, Tule Valley, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. Figures 1, 3, and 4 are from talus on Hintze's (1953) Section H. Figures 2 and 5 are from slopes on east side of Tule Valley. 1. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 204531, anterior view, x15. 2. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 314564, anterior view, x10. 3. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 319909, anterior view, x10. 4. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 319907, anterior view, x10. 5. Lemureops sp., KUMIP 204537, anterior view, x12. 6. Lemureops willsonpiperi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, KUMIP 2045333, anterior view, x15.
FIGURE 4 in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
FIGURE 4. Hypostomes of various species of Cheiruridae. 1, 2. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp. (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone). 1. SUI 147614 (see also Pl. 15, figs 1, 5, 9, 13, 17), Section G 26.6 m, x12. 2. SUI 147639 (see also Pl. 18, figs 11, 12, 14, 16), Section HC6 124.0 m, x12. 3, 4. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951 (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops loganensis Zone). 3. SUI 147516 (see also Pl. 2, figs 13–16), Section HC5 106.7 m, x9. 4. SUI 147539 (see also Pl. 5, figs 3, 7, 11, 15, 19), Section MME 75.5 m, x10. 5. Cydonocephalus n. sp. 1, SUI 147657, Antelope Valley For- mation (probably Dapingian), Funeral Mountains, Death Valley National Park, California, x12. 6. Cydonocephalus n. sp. 2, GSC 135352, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x12. 7. Heliomerinae n. gen. n. sp. 1, SUI 147658, Section H 127.1 m (Floian; Tulean; Heckethornia bowiei Zone), x15. 8. Heliomerinae n. gen. n. sp. 2, SUI 147659, Section H 191.7 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Bathyurina plicolabeona Zone), x15. 9. Kawina n. sp. 1, SUI 147660, Section K 1.5T m (Dapingian; Pseudoolenoides dilectus Zone), x10. 10. Sycophantia polydora (Billings, 1865), GSC 135353, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x15. 11. Sphaerexochus n. sp. 1, GSC 135354, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x20. 12. Kawina n. sp. 2, GSC 135355, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x12. 13. Forteyops n. sp. 1, SUI 147661, Section H 222.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Carolinites nevadensis Zone), x25. 14. Acanthoparyphinae n. gen. n. sp. 1, SUI 147662, Section J 40.0 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x20.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
FIGURE 3. Hypostomes of various species of Pliomeridae. 1. Pseudocybele n. sp. 1, SUI 147649, Section H 301.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x7.5. 2. Pseudocybele nasuta Ross, 1951, SUI 147650, Section ROH 70.1T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x12. 3. Pseudocybele n. sp. 2, SUI 147651, Section J 16.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x10. 4. Pseudocybele n. sp. 3, SUI 147652, Section J 40.0 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x10. 5. Pseudocybele paranasuta McAdams and Adrain, 2010, SUI 122323, Section H 285.0T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Pseudocybele paranasuta Zone), x12. 6. Lemureops kilbeyi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, SUI 110183, Section H 191.7 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Bathyina plicolabeona Zone), x10. 7. Lemureops koppesi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, SUI 110298, Section H 172.5T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Psalikilus pikum Zone), x12. 8. Lemureops willsonpiperi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, SUI 110259, Section H 264.0–267.0T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Presbynileus ibexensis Zone), x10. 9. Lemureops lemurei (Hintze, 1953), SUI 110336, Section H 251.4 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Presbynileus ibexensis Zone), x7.5. 10. Pseudomera n. sp. 2, SUI 147653, Section K 1.5T m (Dapingian; Pseudoolenoides dilectus Zone), x12. 11. Pseudomera n. sp. 3, SUI 147654, Section J 28.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x6.5. 12. Ectenonotus n. sp., SUI 147655, Antelope Valley Formation (probably Dapingian), Funeral Mountains, Death Valley National Park, California, x6.5. 13. Kanoshia kanoshensis (Hintze, 1953), SUI 147656, Section K 1.5T m (Dapingian; Pseudoolenoides dilectus Zone), x7.5.
PLATE 17. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 17. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section HC6 122.5–124.0 m, Garden City Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), west side of Hillyard Canyon, Bear River Range, Franklin County, southeastern Idaho, USA. 1, 4, 7. Cranidium, SUI 147628, dorsal, anterior, and left lateral views, x15 (HC6 122.5 m). 2, 5, 8. Cranidium, SUI 147629, dorsal, anterior, and left lateral views, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 3, 6, 9. Cranidium, SUI 147630, dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 10, 13, 16. Cranidium, SUI 147631, dorsal, right lateral, and anterior views, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 11, 12, 14. Cranidium, SUI 147632, dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 15, 17–20. Hypostome, SUI 147633, ventral, posterior, right lateral, anterior, and dorsal views, x15 (HC6 122.5 m).
PLATE 18. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 18. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section HC6 122.5–124.0 m, Garden City Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), west side of Hillyard Canyon, Bear River Range, Franklin County, southeastern Idaho, USA. 1. Left librigena, SUI 147634, external view, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 2. Right librigena, SUI 147635, external view, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 3, 7, 9. Hypostome, SUI 147636, ventral, left lateral, and posterior views, x12 (HC6 124.0 m). 4, 5, 8, 10. Hypostome, SUI 147637, ventral, left lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 6. Right librigena, SUI 147638, external view, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 11, 12, 14, 16. Hypostome, SUI 147639, posterior, ventral, right lateral, and anterior views, x12 (HC6 124.0 m). 13, 15, 17, 20, 24. Thoracic segment, SUI 147640, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and right lateral views, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 18, 19, 21, 22. Hypostome, SUI 147641, ventral, anterior, right lateral, and posterior views, x25 (HC6 124.0 m). 23, 26, 27. Pygidium, SUI 147642, dorsal, posterior, and right lateral views, x15 (HC6 122.5 m). 25, 28, 29. Pygidium, SUI 147643, left lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x20 (HC6 122.5 m).
PLATE 16. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 16. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section G 26.6–27.0 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 2, 4. Pygidium, SUI 147623, dorsal, right lateral, and posterior views, x15 (G 26.6 m). 3, 5, 6. Pygidium, SUI 134174, dorsal, left lateral, and posterior views, x14 (G 26.6 m). 7, 10, 13, 14, 19. Pygidium, SUI 147624, dorsal, posterior, right lateral, ventral, and anterior views, x14 (G 26.6 m). 8, 9, 12, 15. Pygidium, SUI 147625, left lateral, dorsal, posterior, and ventral views, x12 (G 26.6 m). 11, 16, 17. Pygidium, SUI 147626, dorsal, posterior, and right lateral views, x15 (G 27.0 m). 18, 20, 21. Pygidium, SUI 147627, right lateral dorsal, and posterior views, x15 (G 26.6 m).
PLATE 14. 1–16, 19. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 14. 1–16, 19. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section G 26.6–27.0 m and Section C 111.6 m, both Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 2, 4. Cranidium, SUI 147602, dorsal, right lateral, and anterior views, x17 (G 27.0 m). 3. Right librigena, SUI 147603, external view, x15 (G 26.6 m). 5, 8, 10. Right librigena, SUI 147604, internal, external, and ventrolateral views, x12 (G 26.6 m). 6. Left librigena, SUI 147605, external view, x12 (G 26.6 m). 7. Right librigena, SUI 147606, external view, x15 (C 111.6 m). 9. Left librigena, SUI 147607, external view, x15 (G 26.6 m). 11. Left librigena, SUI 147608, external view, x15 (G 26.6 m). 12, 14, 16. Left librigena, SUI 147609, external, internal, and ventrolateral views, x12 (G 26.6 m). 13, 15. Right librigena, SUI 147610, external and ventrolateral views, x15 (G 26.6 m). 19. Left librigena, SUI 147611, external view, x12 (G 26.6 m). 17, 18, 20. Tesselacauda? flabella Kobayashi, 1955, from Section G 26.6 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 17, 18. Pygidium, SUI 147612, dorsal and left lateral views, x6. 20. Pygidium, SUI 147613, dorsal view, x12.
PLATE 13. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 13. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section G 26.6 m and Section C 111.6 m, both Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1–4. Cranidium, SUI 147595, dorsal, ventral, left lateral, and anterior views, x6 (G 26.6 m). 5, 6, 8. Cranidium, SUI 147596, dorsal, left lateral, and anterior views, x6 (G 26.6 m). 7, 9, 11, 14, 16. Cranidium, SUI 134173, dorsal, left lateral, ventral, anterior, and oblique views, x7.5 (G 26.6 m). 10, 12, 13, 18. Cranidium, holotype, SUI 147597, left lateral, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, x6 (C 111.6 m). 15, 25, 26. Cranidium, SUI 147598, left lateral, anterior, and dorsal views, x6 (G 26.6 m). 17, 22, 23. Cranidium, SUI 147599, dorsal, anterior, and left lateral views, x8 (C 111.6 m). 19, 20, 24. Cranidium, SUI 147600, anterior, right lateral, and dorsal views, x6 (G 26.6 m). 21. Cranidium, SUI 147601, dorsal view, x6 (C 111.6 m).
PLATE 15. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 15. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section G 26.6–27.0 m and Section C 111.6 m, both Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 5, 9, 13, 17. Hypostome, SUI 147614, ventral, right lateral, posterior, anterior, and dorsal views, x12 (G 26.6 m). 2, 6, 10, 14, 18. Hypostome, SUI 147615, ventral, right lateral, posterior, anterior, and dorsal views, x15 (G 26.6 m). 3, 7, 11, 15. Hypostome, SUI 147616, ventral, right lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x10 (G 26.6 m). 4, 8, 12, 16. Hypostome, SUI 147617, ventral, left lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x15 (C 111.6 m). 19, 20, 24, 28, 31. Pygidium, SUI 147618, left lateral, dorsal, posterior, ventral, and anterior views, x10 (C 111.6 m). 21, 25, 29. Pygidium, SUI 147619, left lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x10 (G 27.0 m). 22, 23, 30. Pygidium, SUI 147620, posterior, dorsal, and right lateral views, x12 (C 111.6 m). 26, 27, 34. Pygidium, SUI 147621, right lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x10 (G 27.0 m). 32, 33, 35. Pygidium, SUI 147622, dorsal, posterior, and left lateral views, x10 (C 111.6 m).
PLATE 12. 1–12, 17. Tesselacauda morrisoni n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 12. 1–12, 17. Tesselacauda morrisoni n. sp., from Section MME 49.8 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Rossaspis leboni Zone), Middle Mountain, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 4, 6, 11. Thoracic segment, SUI 147584, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and left lateral views, x10. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9. Thoracic segment, SUI 147585, right lateral, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, x8. 8, 10, 12, 17. Thoracic segment, SUI 147586, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and left lateral views, x10. 13–16, 18–29. Tesselacauda n. sp. A, from Section MME 36.4 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Rossaspis leboni Zone), Middle Mountain, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 13. Cranidial fragment (probably from same individual as fig. 14), SUI 147587, dorsal view, x7.5. 14. Cranidial fragment (probably from same individual as fig. 13), SUI 147588, dorsal view, x7.5. 15. Pygidium, SUI 147589, dorsal view, x15. 16, 20, 21. Pygidium, SUI 147590, dorsal, right lateral, and posterior views, x12. 18. Pygidium, SUI 147591, dorsal view, x12. 19, 23, 24. Pygidium, SUI 147592, dorsal, posterior, and right lateral views, x15. 22, 28, 29. Pygidium, SUI 147593, dorsal, posterior, and left lateral views, x12. 25–27. Pygidium, SUI 147594, posterior, right lateral, and dorsal views, x12.
PLATE 11. Tesselacauda morrisoni n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 11. Tesselacauda morrisoni n. sp., from Section MME 49.8 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Rossaspis leboni Zone), Middle Mountain, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 3, 4, 7, 10. Pygidium, SUI 147579, dorsal, right lateral, posterior, ventral, and anterior views, x12. 2, 5, 6, 8, 11. Pygidium, SUI 147580, dorsal, posterior, right lateral, ventral, and anterior views, x15. 9, 15, 18. Pygidium, SUI 147581, right lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x12. 12, 13, 16. Pygidium, SUI 134076, left lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x15. 14, 17, 21. Pygidium, SUI 147582 dorsal, posterior, and left lateral views, x12. 19, 20, 22. Pygidium, SUI 147583, posterior, dorsal, and left lateral views, x12.
PLATE 6. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 75.5 m in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 6. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 75.5 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops loganensis Zone), Middle Mountain, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 3, 4. Pygidium, SUI 147546, dorsal, left lateral, and posterior views, x10. 2, 5, 6, 8, 12. Pygidium, SUI 134130, dorsal, left lateral, posterior, ventral, and anterior views, x10. 7, 9, 11, 15, 16. Pygidium, SUI 147547, dorsal, right lateral, posterior, ventral, and anterior views, x10. 10, 18, 20. Pygidium, SUI 147548, right lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x10. 13, 19, 23. Pygidium, SUI 147549, left lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x10. 14, 21, 22. Pygidium, SUI 147550, right lateral, posterior, and dorsal views, x12. 17, 24, 25. Pygidium, SUI 147551, left lateral, posterior, and dorsal views, x12.
PLATE 4. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 75.5 m in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 4. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 75.5 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops loganensis Zone), Middle Mountain, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1–3, 5, 7. Dorsal exoskeleton, SUI 147531, dorsal, ventral, left lateral, right lateral, and posterior views, x12. 4. Left librigena, SUI 147532, external view, x12. 6, 8. Right librigena, SUI 147533, ventrolateral and external views, x10. 9, 11, 13. Right librigena, SUI 147534, external, internal, and ventrolateral views, x12. 10. Right librigena, SUI 147535, external view, x10. 12, 14. Right librigena, SUI 147536, external and internal views, x12.
PLATE 8. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 84.0 m in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 8. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 84.0 m, Middle Mountain, AAA 79.5 m, northern House Range, both Fillmore Formation, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA, and HC6 107.5 m, Garden City Formation, west side of Hillyard Canyon, Bear River Range, Franklin County, Idaho, USA (all upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops deltaensis Zone). 1–4, 8. Hypostome, SUI 147559, right lateral, posterior, ventral, anterior, and dorsal views, x12 (HC6 107.5 m). 5, 7, 11. Pygidium, SUI 147560, dorsal, posterior, and left lateral views, x12 (MME 84.0 m). 6, 9, 12, 14, 15. Pygidium and thoracic segment, SUI 147561, dorsal, posterior, ventral, right lateral, and anterior views, x12 (MME 84.0 m). 10, 13, 16, 17, 19. Pygidium, SUI 147562, dorsal, posterior, ventral, right lateral, and anterior views, x15 (AAA 79.5 m). 18, 20, 21. Pygidium, SUI 147563, dorsal, left lateral, and posterior views, x15 (AAA 79.5 m).
PLATE 9. Tesselacauda morrisoni n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 9. Tesselacauda morrisoni n. sp., from Section MME 49.8 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Rossaspis leboni Zone), Middle Mountain, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 2, 4, 7, 10. Cranidium, SUI 147564, dorsal, right lateral, ventral, anterior, and oblique views, x7.5. 3, 5, 6, 9, 12. Cranidium, holotype, SUI 134075, dorsal, left lateral, ventral, anterior, and oblique views, x10. 8, 11, 14. Cranidium, SUI 147565, left lateral, dorsal, and anterior views, x7.5. 13, 16, 18. Cranidium, SUI 147566, dorsal, anterior, and left lateral views, x6. 15, 19, 22. Cranidium, SUI 147567, dorsal, anterior, and left lateral views, x7.5. 17, 20, 21. Cranidium, SUI 147568, left lateral, anterior, and dorsal views, x7.5.
PLATE 5. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 75.5 m in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 5. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 75.5 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops loganensis Zone), Middle Mountain, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 5, 9, 13. Hypostome, SUI 147537, ventral, right lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x10. 2, 6, 10, 14. Hypostome, SUI 147538, ventral, right lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x10. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19. Hypostome, SUI 147539, ventral, left lateral, posterior, anterior, and dorsal views, x10. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20. Hypostome, SUI 147540, ventral, right lateral, posterior, anterior, and dorsal views, x12. 17, 21, 23, 25. Hypostome, SUI 147541, ventral, right lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x12. 18, 22, 24, 26. Hypostome, SUI 147542, ventral, left lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x12. 27, 30, 32, 35. Hypostome, SUI 147543, ventral, left lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x15. 28, 33, 34, 36. Hypostome, SUI 147544, ventral, left lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x15. 29, 31, 37–39. Pygidium, SUI 147545, dorsal, right lateral, posterior, ventral, and anterior views, x15.
PLATE 7. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 84.0 m in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA
PLATE 7. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, from Section MME 84.0 m, Middle Mountain, AAA 79.5 m, northern House Range, both Fillmore Formation, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA, and HC6 107.5 m, Garden City Formation, west side of Hillyard Canyon, Bear River Range, Franklin County, Idaho, USA (all upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops deltaensis Zone). 1, 2, 3, 5. Cephalon and thoracic segments, SUI 147552, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and left lateral views, x9 (MME 84.0 m). 4, 7. Cranidium, SUI 147553, left lateral and dorsal views, x7.5 (HC6 107.5 m). 6, 9, 10. Cranidium, SUI 147554, dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, x10 (MME 84.0 m). 8, 11, 12. Cranidium, SUI 147555, anterior, right lateral, and dorsal views, x12 (MME 84.0 m). 13, 15, 17. Right librigena, SUI 147556, internal, ventrolateral, and external views, x10 (AAA 79.5 m). 14, 18. Left librigena, SUI 147557, internal and external views, x12 (MME 84.0 m). 16. Left librigena, SUI 147558, external view, x12 (AAA 79.5 m).
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.