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FIGURES 70–78 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 70–78. Parlibellus paschalis. LM DIC except SEM Figs 77, 78. Figs 70–72. Live cells in different orientations showing plastids resembling hot cross buns in valve view (Fig. 70), butterflies in girdle view (Fig. 71), and obliquely, GU44L. Fig. 73. Several cells still attached in colonies, tube material not visible, GU44K-6. Fig. 74. Single frustule in girdle view, GU44K-6. Fig. 75. Holotype valve, GU44L-C. Fig 76. Valve from GU44K-6. Figs 77, 78. SEM of valves in exterior aspect, showing line of prominent pores along each side of sternum (arrow), and interior aspect showing lack of cuniculi in central nodule; GU44L-C. Scale bars: Figs 70–72 = 20 µm, Figs 73–78 = 10 µm.

FIGURES 50–61 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 50–61. Climaconeis minaegensis (Figs 50–60) and C. petersonii (Fig. 61). Figs 50–52 LM DIC, Figs 53–61 SEM. Figs. 50, 51. C. minaegensis holotype, entire valve and higher power view of one half, Y18E, Yap. Fig. 52. Specimen from BA-5, Bakir Atoll, Marshall Islands, broken valve showing length and bend in valve. Figs 53, 54. Whole valve and detail of central portion, internal view, BA-6, Bakir. Figs 55, 56. External central and apical portions, Y18E. Figs 57, 58. Internal central and apical portions, Y18E. Fig. 59. Internal view with broken raphe sternum showing ribs on both sides of the raphe (arrow). Figs, 60, 61. Internal apical comparison of C. minaegensis (Fig. 60) and C. petersonii (Fig. 61) sternum structure and areola shape. Scale bars: Figs 50–53 = 10 µm, Figs 54–61 = 5 µm.

FIGURES 45–49. Climaconeis tarangensis. Fig. 45. Holotype, Y26C, DIC. Figs. 46–49 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 45–49. Climaconeis tarangensis. Fig. 45. Holotype, Y26C, DIC. Figs. 46–49. SEMs of valves from same sample. Fig. 46. Exterior central portion, also showing copulae. Fig. 47. External apical portion; note silica flap along one side of raphe. Fig. 48. Interior central portion. Fig. 49. Internal apical portion showing helictoglossa and convergent striae. Scale bars: Fig. 45 = 10 µm, Figs 46–49 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 40–44. Thalassionema baculum. Figs 40, 41 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 40–44. Thalassionema baculum. Figs 40, 41. Valves as seen in LM, Fig. 40 the holotype, GU44I-1. Fig. 42. Whole mount in SEM, GU44I-1. Fig. 43. Detail of valve exterior, showing simple occluding bars over the areolae. Fig 44. Detail of interior, showing rimoportula (arrow) and foramina, GU44BF-1A. Scale bars: Figs 40–42 = 5 µm, Figs 43, 44 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 33–39. Divergita macinnisii, curved species. SEM except Fig. 33 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 33–39. Divergita macinnisii, curved species. SEM except Fig. 33 DIC; all from J5, Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands. Fig. 33. Holotype, stacked images at several focal planes because frustule is angled. Figs 34–36. External views in SEM: whole frustule and details of center and apex. Figs. 37, 38. Apex and center of specimen from BA-3, Bikar Atoll. Fig. 39. Internal apex, showing rimoportula (arrow) and foramina, J5. Scale bars: Figs 33, 34 = 10 µm, Figs 35–39 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 24–32. Divergita straight species. Figs 24, 25 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 24–32. Divergita straight species. Figs 24, 25. LM images of Divergita spp. Fig. 24. Divergita sp., Yap specimen is a possible example of D. biformis, but is from a different location (Y36) from the SEM holotype. Fig. 25. Divergita sp., Guam specimen, possibly D. decipiens, from the same location (GU52) as the holotype, but a different collection date. D. biformis has also been seen in SEM of samples from GU52, it is not possible to tell which species is shown here. Figs 26–28. Divergita biformis, sp. nov., SEM. Holotype specimen whole mount on stub 1116, Y45-5, whole valve and details of apex and center, showing narrow, linear sternum and areola pattern. Figs. 29–33. Divergita decipiens, sp. nov. SEM. Figs 29–31. Holotype specimen whole mount on stub 566, GU52R-2, external views, showing broad, lanceolate sternum. Fig. 32. Disassociated frustule from same sample, showing interior features of rimoportula (arrow) and foramina, along with external view showing that this is not Hyalosynedra. Scale bars: Figs 24–26, 29 = 10 µm, Figs 27, 28, 30–32 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 1–6. Plagiogramma subatomus. SEM except Fig. 1 DIC. Fig. 1 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 1–6. Plagiogramma subatomus. SEM except Fig. 1 DIC. Fig. 1. Holotype, GU44I-1, Guam. Fig. 2. External view of valve showing spines and apical slits; J5, Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Is. Fig. 3. Internal view showing boxlike pseudoseptum and apical slits, Palau (Konno). Fig. 4. Part of chain showing face to face connections; note the various depths of the copulae (arrow); PW2009-31, Palau. Figs 5, 6. Yap specimens (Y18E) showing internal aspect and a frustule in oblique view; arrow points to copulae. Scale bars: Fig. 1 = 10 µm, Figs 2–6 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 62–69. Climaconeis lorenzii SEM, Y26C, Yap. Figs 62, 63 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 62–69. Climaconeis lorenzii SEM, Y26C, Yap. Figs 62, 63. Central and apical portions of frustule in valve view showing deflected central raphe endings and row of larger pores along one side of sternum (Fig. 62 arrow). Fig. 64 Frustule showing craticular bars. Figs 65, 66. Central and apical portions of frustule in girdle view, showing large pores on pars exterior of the valvocopula (VC). Figs 67–69. Valve with valvocopula. Fig. 67. Entire (incomplete) specimen. Fig. 68. Detail of valvocopula showing the abvalvar surface on the left, hollow box structure shown at small arrow; on the right side below the break the frame is rotated inward to also show the pars exterior (arrowhead). and above the break rotated outward to show the proximal side of the box with crenulated margin (large arrow). Fig. 69. Detail of apex of valvocopula showing apparent break in the frame at the apex, the lack of pores near the apex, and the interlocking surfaces of the craticular bars. Scale bars: Figs 62–66, 69 = 5 µm, Fig. 67 = 10 µm, Figs 68 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 18–23. Licmophora graphis. SEM except Fig. 18 DIC. Fig. 18 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 18–23. Licmophora graphis. SEM except Fig. 18 DIC. Fig. 18. Living cells epiphytic on ectocarpoid phaeophyte filament, showing numerous small elliptical plastids clustered around the nucleus, GU44U-2. Figs 19–21. Holotype specimen whole mount on stub 718, GU44BJ-3: entire frustule and details of base and apex, showing change in stria density and presence of two apical rimoportulae (arrows). Figs 22, 23. Base and apex of specimen from GU80A-3. Scale bars: Figs 18, 19 = 10 µm, Figs 20–23 = 5 µm.

FIGURES 91–102 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 91–102. Pleurosigma simulacrum. DIC (Figs 91–93), SEM (Figs 94–102). Figs 91, 92. Holotype specimen, entire and portion at higher magnification, GU44AR-1. Fig. 93. Living cell, GU44AD-1. Figs 94–97. Specimens from culture GU52X-1 (courtesy M. Ashworth). Fig. 94. Central area, external view showing nonoverlapping central raphe endings. Fig. 95. Apex, showing hooked terminal raphe ending. Fig. 96. Internal central area; arrows indicate lines of small areolae along the sternum and valve border. Fig. 97. Internal apex, in this case with no areolae around the apex (arrowhead). Figs 98–101. Specimens from wild material. Figs 98, 99. External central and apical portions, the latter showing absence of calcar along valve border; Y26B, Yap, same arrows as on culture specimens. Figs 100, 101. Internal central and apical portions, GU44AR-1, same arrows as on culture specimens, apex showing one duplex areola on each side of the apex. Fig. 102. Specimen from Y37-8, showing apex with single duplex areola at apex. Scale bars: 91–93 = 10 µm, Figs 98, 99 = 5 µm, Figs 94–97, 100–102 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 7–17. Licmophora romuli. SEM except Fig. 7 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 7–17. Licmophora romuli. SEM except Fig. 7 phase contrast. Fig. Holotype specimen from GU44P-B, Guam; arrow marks the basal rimoportula. Fig. 8. Whole mount showing valvocopula with midrib crossing first from abvalvar side (the VC belongs to the valve underneath) to advalvar side, then back (arrowheads). Fig. 9. Part of acid-cleaned valve showing acropetal transition in the number of vimines outward from the sternum; Y41-7, Yap. Fig. 10. Internal aspect of basal pole with rimoportula. Fig. 11. External aspect of a pair of basal poles, showing multiscissura and rimoportula opening. Fig. 12. Internal aspect of an apex showing apical rimoportula. Fig. 13. Whole mount showing pleurae. Fig. 14. Valvocopula closed end showing lack of septum. Figs. 15–17. Parts of a valvocopula showing the midrib transitions (arrowheads) and the simply tapered open tip. Figs 8, 11, 13 from GU44P-B; Figs 12, 14–17 from GU52X-1. Scale bars: Fig. 7 = 10 µm, Figs 8, 9, 13–16= 5 µm, Figs 10–12 = 2 µm

FIGURES 79–90. Parlibellus waabensis. SEM except Figs 79, 80 DIC. Figs 79, 80 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 79–90. Parlibellus waabensis. SEM except Figs 79, 80 DIC. Figs 79, 80. Holotype at two focal planes, Y39A. Fig. 81. Valve in valve view. Fig. 82. Detail of valve showing short biseriate sections of some striae on the mantle (arrows). Fig. 83. Valve in oblique view, arrow again pointing to biseriate stria. Figs 84, 85. External and internal aspect of valve apex showing terminal raphe hook relation to adjacent striae (arrows). Figs 86, 87. Details of internal apex and central area. Figs 88–90. Frustule in girdle view, with details of central and apical portions, the bands labeled in Fig. 90. Scale bars: Figs 79–83, 88 = 10 µm, Figs 84–87, 89, 90 = 5 µm

Figure 4. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 4. A, geographic distribution of Leptocoma aspasia haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype. The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Leptocoma haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences. The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Leptocoma haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities.

Figure 1. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 1. A, map of the Indo-Pacific region with study regions marked inside boxes. The range of the olive-backed sunbird is shaded horizontally in yellow, the range of the black sunbird vertically in purple, both according to BirdLife International. Seas deeper than 200 m are represented by a darker blue. Biogeographic barriers (Wallace, 1863; Lydekker, 1896) are represented with red lines. B, map of south-east Sulawesi and the Wakatobi Islands in Wallacea, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. C, map of Australia and New Guinea on the Sahul Shelf, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. D, map of the Bismarck Archipelago with the sampling site of the B10K black sunbird marked with a purple triangle.

Figure 2 in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 2. Simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Cinnyris and Leptocoma species sampled in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. In this figure, the outgroup is omitted and each major clade in the data is collapsed into a single branch. Tips representing focal populations are marked with coloured circles. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps. Full versions of the ML and Bayesian trees, including all outgroup taxa, are provided in the Supporting Information (Figs S7, S8).

Figure 3. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 3. A, geographic distribution of Cinnyris jugularis (sensu Gill et al., 2022) haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype. The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Cinnyris haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences. The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Cinnyris haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities.

Figure 5. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 5. A, map of the Indo-Pacific with the range of the olive-backed sunbird shaded, as currently recognized by BirdLife International. Sampling sites of the birds included in our 697 bp partial ND2 analysis are marked with different triangles, according to the species they were assigned to by ABGD. Currently recognized subspecies are labelled (Gill et al., 2022). B, mean genetic distance (uncorrected p-distance) between each of the species recognized by ABGD, based on a 697 bp partial ND2 alignment. C, simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 697 bp of olive-backed sunbird ND2. In this figure the outgroup is omitted and each of the ABGD species is collapsed into a single branch. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps.

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FIGURE 8 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 8. Habitat and habitus views of adult, larva, and case of Hydroptila ishiura sp. nov. 8A, adult habitus on leaf of riparian tree; 8B, larva and case in hygropetric habitat, left lateral; 8C, same, enlargement of small section of case showing piece of bryophyte (a) and diatom (b); 8D, larvae with cases on rock, dorsal; 8E, hygropetric habitat at type locality; 8F, stony stream habitat at Takinoura-gawa, Ani-jima.

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FIGURE 2 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic trees of six species of Hydroptila endemic to the Ogasawara Islands (H. demersa sp. nov., H. ishiura sp. nov., H. tokoyo sp. nov., H. hahajima sp. nov., H. nagahama sp. nov., and H. ogasawaraensis Ito 2011, in Ito et al. 2011) and the outgroup H. pulchricornis Species Group from mainland Japan (H. phenianica Botosaneanu 1970, H. chinensis Xue & Yang 1990, H. oguranis Kobayashi 1974 and/or H. dampfi Ulmer 1929), based on (2A) 429-bp mitochondrial COI and (2B) 306-bp nuclear 28S sequences. See Table 1 and Fig. 1 for locality of each specimen. The topology is the same between the trees drawn by the neighbor-joining method (NJ) and the maximum likelihood (ML). The numerals at nodes show % bootstrap probabilities in ML (NJ).