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4,462 results for “South America”
Figure 4 in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 4 Arrenurus deltensis Rosso de Ferradas, male. A – dorsum; B – venter. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K. Viets, male, dorsum. Scale bar = 100 µm.
Data from: Flooding and soil composition determine beta-diversity of lowland forests in Northern South America
Beta diversity may be determined by dispersal limitation, environment and phylogeographic history. Our objective was to advance the understanding of plant species turnover in rainforests in Northern South America and determine which factors are affecting species beta-diversity. We evaluated the relative effect of environmental variables (i.e. soil, climate, fragmentation and flooding frequency) and dispersal limitation (i.e. geographical distance and resistance distance due mountain barriers) on tree beta diversity in 32 1-ha lowland forest plots. We found that tree species turnover was better explained by environmental distance than by geographic distance. Although, soil conditions and flooding regime were good predictors of tree species composition, almost half of the variance remained unexplained. In our study system, the Eastern Andean ridge had no significant effect on plant beta diversity, probably because of its young age in relation to the phylogeny. Our results provide support for the importance of environmental factors and suggests a more restricted role of dispersal limitation. Therefore, we advise that conservation strategies of lowland trees should consider specific forest types (e.g. seasonally flooded vs. terra firme, as well as piedmont vs. central Amazonian forests).
Data from: The dataset of ticks in South America
The datasets of records of the distribution of ticks are invaluable tools to understand the phylogenetic patterns of evolution of ticks and the abiotic traits to which they are associated. Such datasets require an exhaustive collection of bibliographical references. In most cases, it is necessary the confirmation of reliable identification of ticks, together with an update of the scientific names of the vertebrate hosts. For some biogeographic regions, these data are not easily available, because many records were published in the so-called "grey literature". We introduce the Dataset of Ticks in South America, a repository that collates data on more than 7,000 records of ticks, together with a set of abiotic traits, curated from satellite-derived information over the complete target region. The dataset includes data about ticks collected on wild hosts, with a special chapter devoted to species of cattle. It includes details of the phylogenetic relationships of the species of hosts, to provide researchers with both the biotic and abiotic traits, driving the distribution of ticks in South America.
FIGURE 7 in A new genus and six new species of the tropical Camptotypus genusgroup (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae) from northern South America
FIGURE 7. Amazopimpla farallonensis Palacio, sp. n. The tip of the ovipositor (Holotype female).
Uribe-Rivera et al 2017 DataSet: High resolution bioclimatic layers for southwest of South America for three recent past periods (1970, 1990 and 2010)
<p>These files were generated as part of the article "Dispersal and extrapolation on the accuracy of temporal predictions from distribution models for the Darwin’s frog" (Uribe-Rivera et al. 2017; accepted in Ecological Applications)</p> <p>We used point data of meteorological stations between 34°-48°S and 70°-75°W, to generate new climatic surfaces for three recent past periods (1970; 1990; 2010). Meteorological data encompassed 293 weather stations, and were extracted from three databases: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (DMC); Dirección General de Aguas de Chile (DGA); and the FAOClim-NET Agroclimatic database management system (FAO 2001), recording monthly records of mean daily minimum temperature, mean daily maximum temperature and total rainfall for 5-year periods (1965-1969 for 1970 climatic conditions; 1985-1989 for 1990 climatic conditions; and 2005-2009 for 2010 climatic conditions). For each period monthly mean values of each climatic variable were interpolated to generate surfaces using Anusplin v.4.4 (Hutchinson and Xu 2006), which applies the same algorithm used to derive the WorldClim bioclimatic surfaces (Hijmans et al. 2005). Interpolations were fitted following Pliscoff et al. (2014) at a ~1x1 Km resolution, with elevation as an independent variable using the GTOPO30 global digital elevation model (USGS, 1996). Because some weather stations do not have information for every month, we used the option of non-data of Anusplin. The quality of interpolations of climatic data was assessed calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient at the cell level between the monthly climatic values from the CRU-TS v3.10.01 Historic Climate Database for GIS (Climatic Research Unit - Time Series, 2012), and the monthly climatic values from the new climatic layers. Finally, surfaces of 19 bioclimatic variables were generated using the dismo package in R (Hijmans et al. 2014).</p> <p>All bioclimatic layers were uploaded in a single compressed ZIP file. Individual layers can be found inside it as georeferenced ASCII raster files, and nominated primarily by time period, and secundarily by the number of bioclimatic layer, following the worldclim nomenclature (http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim).</p>
Figure 9 in A new family of lithophoran Proseriata (Platyhelminthes), with the description of seven new species from the Indo-Pacific and South America, and the proposal of three new genera
Figure 9. Hard parts of the copulatory organ in the holotype of Dreuxiola philippi sp. nov.
Community and species-specific responses of coastal birds to COVID-19 "anthropause" in the largest hypersaline lagoon of South America
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Youth, Science, education and struggles to preserve fragile ecosystems in South America
<p>Presentation made at Panel 5, the Educational, Ethical, and Preservationist Water Question, The Youth and the Climatic Struggle, First International Forum of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), in Preparation for the 2025 UNCOP30, 21-24 November 2023 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.</p>
Tornado Reports in Southeast South America
<p>This dataset corresponds to <strong>reports of tornadoes</strong> that happened in <strong>Southeast South America (SESA)</strong> between 1991 and 2020. It was constructed and used for studying tornadic environments in SESA, work that was recently published in the American Meteorological Society (AMS) journal <em>Monthly Weather Review</em> under the title: <strong>"Tornadoes in Southeast South America: Mesoscale to Planetary-scale Environments". </strong>A PDF containing this article was included with the last update of this publication (January 2024). Additionally, a datasheet explaining everything you need to know about the database of tornadoes in Southeast South America was included in this new version (January 2024).</p>
Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations
<p>Abundance measures are almost non-existent for several bird species threatened with extinction, particularly range-restricted Neotropical taxa, for which estimating population sizes can be challenging. Here we use data collected over nine years to explore the abundance of 11 endemic birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), one of Earth's most irreplaceable ecosystems. We established 99 transects in the "Cuchilla de San Lorenzo" Important Bird Area within native forest, early successional vegetation, and areas of transformed vegetation by human activities. A total of 763 bird counts were carried out covering the entire elevation range in the study area (~175–2650 m). We applied hierarchical distance-sampling models to assess elevation- and habitat-related variation in local abundance and obtain values of population density and total and effective population size. Most species were more abundant in the montane elevational range (1800–2650 m). Habitat-related differences in abundance were only detected for five species, which were more numerous in either early succession, secondary forest, or transformed areas. Inferences of effective population size indicated that at least four endemics likely maintain populations no larger than 15,000–20,000 mature individuals. Estimates of species' area of occupancy and effective population size were lower than most values previously described, a possible consequence of increasing anthropogenic threats. At least four of the endemics exceeded criteria for threatened species listing and a thorough evaluation of their extinction risk should be conducted. Population strongholds for most of the study species were located on the northern and western slopes of the SNSM between 1500–2700 m. We highlight the urgent need for facilitating effective protection of native vegetation in premontane and montane ecosystems to safeguard critical habitats for the SNSM's endemic avifauna. Follow-up studies collecting abundance data across the SNSM are needed to obtain precise range-wide density estimations for all species.</p>
Data from: Evaluating the impact of historical climate and early human groups in the Araucaria Forest of Eastern South America
<p>It has been hypothesized that the Araucaria Forest in Southern Brazil underwent expansions in the past, driven either by human groups or by climate fluctuations of the Holocene and Pleistocene. Fossil pollen records of the Paraná Pine (<em>Araucaria angustifolia</em>), a dominant tree in that forest, provide some insights into when those may have occurred. Still, the timing of those expansions has never been estimated. To infer past range shifts and shed light on their main drivers, we employed next-generation DNA sequencing (ddRADseq), machine learning, and a comprehensive database of fossil pollen records in a study of historical demographic inference and paleo-distribution modeling of the Paraná Pine. We found that <em>A. angustifolia</em> comprises two populations expanding at different times: one in the Mantiqueira mountain chain, and the other in the southern Brazilian plateau. The Southern population began to expand during the Last Glacial Period ~70kya, long before human arrival in South America. Still, genetic analyses support that humans later impacted this population, resulting in lower genetic diversity, higher inbreeding, and high levels of gene flow over large distances with a weak pattern of isolation by distance. It is possible this resulted from human influence on seed dispersal and germination on the Southern Brazilian plateau. The Mantiqueira population, in contrast, expanded only recently (~3kya). This timing coincides with Holocene climatic changes and human settlements established further south, although, to date, there is little archeological evidence of human impact in the Mantiqueira. In addition, multitemporal species distribution models built from a combination of present-day and pollen records infer range expansion of the Araucaria Forest during glacial times until the cold humid HS1 event (~16kya), when the forest was most widespread, with no evidence of glacial refugia. The combination of genomic and spatial analyses suggests that both human and climatic controls played a role in the dynamics of the Araucaria Forest.</p>
FIGURE 8 in Three new species of the Eigenmannia trilineata species group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from northwestern South America
FIGURE 8 | Holotype ICN-MHN 2318 for Eigenmannia magoi, scale bar 1 cm.
FIGURE 9 in Three new species of the Eigenmannia trilineata species group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from northwestern South America
FIGURE 9 | Holotype CZUT 11030 for Eigenmannia zenuensis, scale bar 1 cm.
FIGURE 6 in Three new species of the Eigenmannia trilineata species group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from northwestern South America
FIGURE 6 | Holotype IAvH-P 9238 for Eigenmannia camposi, scale bar 1 cm.
Fig. 21 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 21. Distribution of the species of the Mazax spinosa group.
Fig. 20 in Two fancy spines and a collar: a taxonomic review of the myrmecomorphic spider genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) in South America
Fig. 20. Distribution of the species of the Mazax pax group.
APPENDIX 1 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies
<p>APPENDIX 1.— Supplementary material including the fossil specimens from the studied sites and the morphological character scores for CLAMP analysis</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Lower Río Turbio Fm</b></th><th><b>LMA</b></th><th><b>LAA</b></th><th><b>Source</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>Acrodiclidium flavianum</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Allophylus graciliformis</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Anacardites pichileufensis</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Annona</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Casearia</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cissus pichileufensis</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cinnamomum neogaea</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cupania grosse-serrata</i></th><td>*</td><td>-</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cupania latifolioides</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cupania patagonica</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cupania santacrucensis</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Drimys patagonica</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Drimys</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eucalyptus</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Escallonia</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td><b>–</b></td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myrcia</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myricaceae</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myrica hunzikerii</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nectandra prolifica</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nothofagus subferruginea</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nothofagus variabilis</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nothofagus serrulata</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nothofagus elongata</i></th><td>*</td><td><b>–</b></td><td>Hünicken 1967</td></tr><tr><th><i>Ocotea menendezi</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Ocotea</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Persea</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Psidium liociardensis</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Qualea patagonica</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Schinopsis patagonica</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Styrax</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Styrax glandulifera</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tetracera</i> cf. <i>patagonica</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Zyziphus chubutensis</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Malvaceae</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Urticaceae</i></th><td>*</td><td><b>–</b></td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th>cf. <i>Pouterlabatia clark</i></th><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Hünicken 1967; Vento & Prámparo 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Paullinia</i> sp.</th><td>*</td><td><b>–</b></td><td>Panti 2018</td></tr><tr><th><i>Banisteriophyllum</i></th><td>*</td><td><b>–</b></td><td>Panti 2018</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 4 in Paleoclimate estimates for the Paleogene-Neogene in southern South America using fossil leaves as proxies
<p>TABLE 4 — Estimated values for the climate variables in the lower Río Turbio Formation member from CLAMP analysis using the CLAMP3B SA and CLAMPSH90 data set.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>CLAMP Climate parameters</b></th><th><b>Estimates</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>Estimates</b></th><th><b>Error</b></th><th><b>Data set</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Mean annual temperature (°C)</th><td>12.7</td><td>2.1</td><td>CLAMP3BSA</td><td>12.2</td><td>4.83</td><td>CLAMPSH90</td></tr><tr><th>Warm month mean temperature (°C)</th><td>23.2</td><td>3.3</td><td>CLAMP3BSA</td><td>21.5</td><td>7.5</td><td>CLAMPSH90</td></tr><tr><th>Cold month mean temperature (°C)</th><td>3.4</td><td>3.8</td><td>CLAMP3BSA</td><td>4</td><td>4.6</td><td>CLAMPSH90</td></tr><tr><th>Mean Growing Season Precipitation (mm)</th><td>1741</td><td>42.6</td><td>CLAMP3BSA</td><td>1394</td><td>68</td><td>CLAMPSH90</td></tr><tr><th>3-Wettest Months Precipitation (mm)</th><td>784</td><td>19.8</td><td>CLAMP3BSA</td><td>460</td><td>35</td><td>CLAMPSH90</td></tr><tr><th>3-Driest Months Precipitation (mm)</th><td>334</td><td>15.3</td><td>CLAMP3BSA</td><td>160</td><td>22.8</td><td>CLAMPSH90</td></tr><tr><th>Length Growing Season</th><td>7.7</td><td>1.2</td><td>CLAMP3BSA</td><td>7.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>CLAMPSH90</td></tr></tbody></table>
Influence of past and current factors on the beta diversity of coastal lagoon fish communities in South America
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to assess the relative influence of past (Quaternary paleodrainage characteristics) and current factors on the beta diversity of freshwater fishes in coastal lagoons and explore the main processes involved.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Atlantic coast of South America. Taxon: Fishes (173 species)</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We built a dataset of species occurrence in 129 lagoons across eight freshwater ecoregions of the world (FEOWs) located between latitudes 0° and 36° and calculated beta diversity (βjac) and its turnover (βjtu) and nestedness (βjne) components. We used a partial Mantel test and multiple regressions on distance matrices to evaluate the importance of past and current factors, and of geographical distance in determining beta diversity. Past variables were those representing the historical freshwater habitat during the last glacial maximum (LGM), and contemporary variables were those related to current habitat.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We found high values of βjac within the FEOWs, with βjtu prevailing over βjne. Both past (paleodrainage) and current (drainage area, salinity, and lagoon area) factors affected species dissimilarity (βjac = 46%) and its components (βjtu = 44% and βjne =20%), although explanation was, in part, shared with geographical distance. Individually, the influence of past factors was prevalent in beta diversity and its components.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> The results suggest that major changes in the availability of freshwater habitats and connectivity since the Pleistocene must have affected the colonization, extinction and recolonization processes of fishes along the eastern coast of South America. We suggest that the high beta diversity values may result from limited dispersal after extinctions in the LGM and that the dissimilar freshwater fish communities currently seen were formed mainly by heterogeneous subsets of the regional species pool that persisted in landscape refuges during past sea level increases and then recolonized coastal lagoons.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.