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21,320 results for “Transcription”
Data from: Diurnal transcriptional regulation of endosymbiotically derived genes in the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans
Chlorarachniophyte algae possess complex plastids acquired by the secondary endosymbiosis of a green alga, and the plastids harbor a relict nucleus of the endosymbiont, the so-called nucleomorph. Due to massive gene transfer from the endosymbiont to the host, many proteins involved in plastid and nucleomorph are encoded by the nuclear genome. Genome sequences have provided a blueprint for the fate of endosymbiotically derived genes; however, transcriptional regulation of these genes remains poorly understood. To gain insight into the evolution of endosymbiotic genes, we performed genome-wide transcript profiling along the cell cycle of the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans, synchronized by light and dark cycles. Our comparative analyses demonstrated that transcript levels of 7,751 nuclear genes (35.7% of 21,706 genes) significantly oscillated along the diurnal/cell cycles, and those included 780 and 147 genes for putative plastid and nucleomorph-targeted proteins, respectively. Clustering analysis of those genes revealed the existence of transcriptional networks related to specific biological processes such as photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, translation, and DNA replication. Interestingly, transcripts of many plastid-targeted proteins in B. natans were induced before dawn, unlike other photosynthetic organisms. In contrast to nuclear genes, 99% nucleomorph genes were found to be constitutively expressed during the cycles. We also found that the nucleomorph DNA replication would be controlled by a nucleus-encoded viral-like DNA polymerase. The results of this study suggest that nucleomorph genes have lost transcriptional regulation along the diurnal cycles, and nuclear genes exert control over the complex plastid including the nucleomorph.
Data from: Tracing the dynamics of gene transcripts after organismal death
In life, genetic and epigenetic networks precisely coordinate the expression of genes—but in death, it is not known if gene expression diminishes gradually or abruptly stops or if specific genes and pathways are involved. We studied this by identifying mRNA transcripts that apparently increase in relative abundance after death, assessing their functions, and comparing their abundance profiles through postmortem time in two species, mouse and zebrafish. We found mRNA transcript profiles of 1063 genes became significantly more abundant after death of healthy adult animals in a time series spanning up to 96 h postmortem. Ordination plots revealed non-random patterns in the profiles by time. While most of these transcript levels increased within 0.5 h postmortem, some increased only at 24 and 48 h postmortem. Functional characterization of the most abundant transcripts revealed the following categories: stress, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, transport, development, epigenetic regulation and cancer. The data suggest a step-wise shutdown occurs in organismal death that is manifested by the apparent increase of certain transcripts with various abundance maxima and durations.
Data from: Temperature-dependent, behavioral, and transcriptional variability of a tritrophic interaction consisting of bean, herbivorous mite, and predator
Different organisms compensate for, and adapt to, environmental changes in different ways and therefore environmental changes affect animal–plant interactions. We consequently assessed the effect of temperature on a tritrophic system of the lima bean, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, and the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. In this system the plant defends itself against T. urticae by emitting volatiles that attract P. persimilis. Over a range of 20 40°C the emission of volatiles by infested plants and the attraction of P. persimilis, peaked at 30°C but the number of eggs laid by T. urticae adults and the number of eggs consumed by P. persimilis, peaked at 35°C. This indicates that the spider mites and predatory mites performed best at a higher temperature than that at which most volatile attractants were produced. We used data from transcriptome pyrosequencing of the mites and found that P. persimilis up-regulated gene families for heat shock proteins (HSPs) and ubiquitin-associated proteins, whereas T. urticae did not. RNA interference-mediated gene suppression in P. persimilis, developed in the current study, revealed that predation on T. urticae eggs by P. persimilis fed with PpHsp70-1 dsRNA was reduced at 35°C, when the expression level of PpHsp70-1 was greatly increased but not at 25°C. Overall, our molecular and behavioral approaches revealed that the mode and tolerance of lima bean, T. urticae, and the predatory mite P. persimilis are distinctly affected by temperature variability, thereby making their tritrophic interactions temperature dependent.
Data from: Diversification of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in the tomato family Solanaceae
MYB transcription factors play an important role in regulating key plant developmental processes involving defense, cell shape, pigmentation, and root formation. Within this gene family, sequences containing an R2R3 MYB domain are the most abundant type and exhibit a wide diversity of functions. In this study, we identify 559 R2R3 MYB genes using whole genome data from four species of Solanaceae and reconstruct their evolutionary relationships. We compare the Solanaceae R2R3 MYBs to the well-characterized Arabidopsis thaliana sequences to estimate functional diversity and to identify gains and losses of MYB clades in the Solanaceae. We identify numerous R2R3 MYBs that do not appear closely related to Arabidopsis MYBs, and thus may represent clades of genes that have been lost along the Arabidopsis lineage or gained after the divergence of Rosid and Asterid lineages. Despite differences in the distribution of R2R3 MYBs across functional subgroups and species, the overall size of the R2R3 subfamily has changed relatively little over the roughly 50 million-year history of Solanaceae. We added our information regarding R2R3 MYBs in Solanaceae to other data and performed a meta-analysis to trace the evolution of subfamily size across land plants. The results reveal many shifts in the number of R2R3 genes, including a 54 % increase along the angiosperm stem lineage. The variation in R2R3 subfamily size across land plants is weakly positively correlated with genome size and strongly positively correlated with total number of genes. The retention of such a large number of R2R3 copies over long evolutionary time periods suggests that they have acquired new functions and been maintained by selection. Discovering the nature of this functional diversity will require integrating forward and reverse genetic approaches on an -omics scale.
Data from: Performance of gene expression analyses using de novo assembled transcripts in polyploid species
Motivation: Quality of gene expression analyses using de novo assembled transcripts in species that experienced recent polyploidization remains unexplored. Results: Differential gene expression (DGE) analyses using putative genes inferred by Trinity, Corset and Grouper performed slightly differently across five plant species that experienced various poly-ploidy histories. In species that lack recent polyploidy events that occurred in the past several millions of years, DGE analyses using de novo assembled transcriptomes identified 54–82% of the differen-tially expressed genes recovered by mapping reads to the reference genes. However, in species that experienced more recent polyploidy events, the percentage decreased to 21–65%. Gene co-expression network analyses using de novo assemblies vs. mapping to the reference genes recov-ered the same module that significantly correlated with treatment in one species that lacks recent polyploidization.
Data from: Nod factors potentiate auxin signaling for transcriptional regulation and lateral root formation in Medicago truncatula
Nodulation (Nod) factors (NFs) are symbiotic molecules produced by rhizobia that are essential for establishment of the rhizobium–legume endosymbiosis. Purified NFs can stimulate lateral root formation (LRF) in Medicago truncatula, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Using a combination of reporter constructs, pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that NFs act on early steps of LRF in M. truncatula, independently of the ethylene signaling pathway and of the cytokinin receptor MtCRE1, but in interaction with auxin. We conducted a whole-genome transcriptomic study upon NF and/or auxin treatments, using a lateral root inducible system adapted for M. truncatula. This revealed a large overlap between NF and auxin signaling and, more interestingly, synergistic interactions between these molecules. Three groups showing interaction effects were defined: group 1 contained more than 1500 genes responding specifically to the combinatorial treatment of NFs and auxin; group 2 comprised auxin-regulated genes whose expression was enhanced or antagonized by NFs; and in group 3 the expression of NF regulated genes was antagonized by auxin. Groups 1 and 2 were enriched in signaling and metabolic functions, which highlights important crosstalk between NF and auxin signaling for both developmental and symbiotic processes.
Data from: Paired-end analysis of transcription start sites in Arabidopsis reveals plant-specific promoter signatures
Understanding plant gene promoter architecture has long been a challenge due to the lack of relevant large-scale data sets and analysis methods. Here, we present a publicly available, large-scale transcription start site (TSS) data set in plants using a high-resolution method for analysis of 5′ ends of mRNA transcripts. Our data set is produced using the paired-end analysis of transcription start sites (PEAT) protocol, providing millions of TSS locations from wild-type Columbia-0 Arabidopsis thaliana whole root samples. Using this data set, we grouped TSS reads into "TSS tag clusters" and categorized clusters into three spatial initiation patterns: narrow peak, broad with peak, and weak peak. We then designed a machine learning model that predicts the presence of TSS tag clusters with outstanding sensitivity and specificity for all three initiation patterns. We used this model to analyze the transcription factor binding site content of promoters exhibiting these initiation patterns. In contrast to the canonical notions of TATA-containing and more broad "TATA-less" promoters, the model shows that, in plants, the vast majority of transcription start sites are TATA free and are defined by a large compendium of known DNA sequence binding elements. We present results on the usage of these elements and provide our Plant PEAT Peaks (3PEAT) model that predicts the presence of TSSs directly from sequence.
Data from: Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the ClTCP transcription factors in Citrullus lanatus
Background: The plant-specific TCP transcription factor family, which is involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, performs diverse functions in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. However, no comprehensive analysis of the TCP family in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) has been undertaken previously. Results: A total of 27 watermelon TCP encoding genes distributed on nine chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the genes into 11 distinct subgroups. Furthermore, phylogenetic and structural analyses distinguished two homology classes within the ClTCP family, designated Class I and Class II. The Class II genes were differentiated into two subclasses, the CIN subclass and the CYC/TB1 subclass. The expression patterns of all members were determined by semi-quantitative PCR. The functions of two ClTCP genes, ClTCP14a and ClTCP15, in regulating plant height were confirmed by ectopic expression in Arabidopsis wild-type and ortholog mutants. Conclusions: This study represents the first genome-wide analysis of the watermelon TCP gene family, which provides valuable information for understanding the classification and functions of the TCP genes in watermelon.
Data from: TAF4, a subunit of transcription factor II D, directs promoter occupancy of nuclear receptor HNF4A during post-natal hepatocyte differentiation
The functions of the TAF subunits of mammalian TFIID in physiological processes remain poorly characterised. Here we describe a novel function of TAFs in directing genomic occupancy of a transcriptional activator. Using liver-specific inactivation in mice, we show that the TAF4 subunit of TFIID is required for post-natal hepatocyte maturation. TAF4 promotes pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation at post-natal expressed liver function genes and down-regulates a subset of embryonic expressed genes by increased RNA polymerase II pausing. The TAF4-TAF12 heterodimer interacts directly with HNF4A and in vivo TAF4 is necessary to maintain HNF4A-directed embryonic gene expression at post-natal stages and promotes HNF4A occupancy of functional cis-regulatory elements adjacent to the transcription start sites of post-natal expressed genes. Stable HNF4A occupancy of these regulatory elements requires TAF4-dependent PIC formation highlighting that these are mutually dependent events. Local promoter-proximal HNF4A-TFIID interactions therefore act as instructive signals for post-natal hepatocyte differentiation.
Data from: Genetic basis of amphibian larval development along a latitudinal gradient: gene diversity, selection and links with phenotypic variation in transcription factor C/EBP-1
Ectotherm development rates often show adaptive divergence along climatic gradients, but the genetic basis for this variation is rarely studied. Here, we investigated the genetic basis for phenotypic variation in larval development in the moor frog Rana arvalis from five regions along a latitudinal gradient from Germany to northern Sweden. We focused on the C/EBP-1 gene, a transcription factor associated with larval development time. Allele frequencies at C/EBP-1 varied strongly among geographic regions. Overall, the distribution of alleles along the gradient was in concordance with the dual postglacial colonization routes into Scandinavia, with a large number of alleles exclusively present along the southern colonization route. Only three of 38 alleles were shared between the routes. Analysis of contemporary selection on C/EBP-1 showed divergent selection among the regions, likely reflecting adaptation to the local environmental conditions, although this was especially strong between southern and northern regions coinciding also with lineages from different colonization routes. Overall, the C/EBP-1 gene has historically been under purifying selection, however, two specific amino acid positions showed significant signals of positive selection. These positions showed divergence between southern and northern regions, and we suggest that they are functionally involved in the climatic adaptation of larval development. Using phenotypic data from a common garden experiment, we found evidence for specific C/EBP-1 alleles being correlated with larval development time, suggesting a functional role in adaptation of larval development to large-scale climatic variation.
Data from: Linking dynamical complexities from activation signals to transcription responses
The transcription of inducible genes involves signaling pathways that induce DNA binding of the downstream transcription factors to form functional promoter states. How the transcription dynamics is linked to the temporal variations of activation signals is far to be fully understood. In this work, we develop a mathematical model with multiple promoter states to address this question. Each promoter state has its own activation and inactivation rates, and is selected randomly with a probability that may change in time. Under the activation of constant signals, our analysis shows that if only the activation rates differ among the promoter states, then the mean transcription level $m(t)$ displays only a monotone or monophasic growth pattern. In a sharp contrast, if the inactivation rates change with the promoter states, then $m(t)$ may display multiphasic growth patterns. Upon the activation of signals that oscillate periodically, $m(t)$ also oscillates later, almost periodically in the same frequency, but the magnitude decreases in the frequency and is almost completely attenuated at large frequencies. This gives a surprising indication that multiple promoter states could filter out the signal oscillation and the noise in the random promoter state selection, as observed in the transcription of a gene activated by p53 in breast carcinoma cells. Our approach may help develop a theoretical framework to integrate coherently the genetic circuit with the promoter states to elucidate the linkage from the activation signal to the temporal profile of transcription outputs.
Data from: Heterochromatin suppresses gross chromosomal rearrangements at centromeres by repressing Tfs1/TFIIS-dependent transcription
Heterochromatin that is characterized by histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation assembles on repetitive regions including centromeres. Although centromeric heterochromatin is important for faithful segregation of chromosomes, its role in maintaining centromere integrity remains elusive. Here, we found in fission yeast that heterochromatin suppresses gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) at centromeres. Mutations in Clr4/Suv39 methyltransferase increased the formation of isochromosomes whose breakpoints are present in centromere repeats. H3K9A and H3K9R mutations also increased GCRs, suggesting that Clr4 appears to suppress GCRs via H3K9 methylation. Both HP1 homologs, Swi6 and Chp2, and an RNAi component Chp1 were the chromodomain proteins that are essential for full suppression of GCRs. Remarkably, mutations in RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) or the transcription factors including Tfs1/TFIIS which facilitates restart of backtracked RNAPII specifically bypassed the requirement of Clr4 to suppress GCRs. These results demonstrate that heterochromatin suppresses GCRs by repressing Tfs1-dependent transcription of centromere repeats.
Data from: Transcriptional response of Hoxb genes to retinoid signalling is regionally restricted along the neural tube rostrocaudal axis
During vertebrate neural development, positional information is largely specified by extracellular morphogens. Their distribution, however, is very dynamic due to the multiple roles played by the same signals in the developing and adult neural tissue. This suggests that neural progenitors are able to modify their competence to respond to morphogen signalling and autonomously maintain positional identities after their initial specification. In this work, we take advantage of in vitro culture systems of mouse neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) to show that NSPCs isolated from rostral or caudal regions of the mouse neural tube are differentially responsive to retinoic acid (RA), a pivotal morphogen for the specification of posterior neural fates. Hoxb genes are among the best known RA direct targets in the neural tissue, yet we found that RA could promote their transcription only in caudal but not in rostral NSPCs. Correlating with these effects, key RA-responsive regulatory regions in the Hoxb cluster displayed opposite enrichment of activating or repressing histone marks in rostral and caudal NSPCs. Finally, RA was able to strengthen Hoxb chromatin activation in caudal NSPCs, but was ineffective on the repressed Hoxb chromatin of rostral NSPCs. These results suggest that the response of NSPCs to morphogen signalling across the rostrocaudal axis of the neural tube may be gated by the epigenetic configuration of target patterning genes, allowing long-term maintenance of intrinsic positional values in spite of continuously changing extrinsic signals.
Data from: The effects of contig length and depth on the estimation of SNP frequencies, and the relative abundance of SNPs in protein-coding and non-coding transcripts of tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)
BACKGROUND: Next-generation sequencing methods have contributed to rapid progress in the fields of genomics and population genetics. Using this high-throughput and cost-effective technology, a number of studies have estimated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency by calculating the mean number of SNPs per unit sequence length (e.g., mean SNPs/kb). However, both read length and contig depth are highly variable and thus raise doubt about simple methods of SNP frequency estimation. RESULTS: We used 454 pyrosequencing to identify 2,980 putative SNPs in the eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) transcriptome, then constructed analytical models to estimate SNP frequency. The model which considered only contig length (i.e., the method employed in most published papers) was evaluated with very poor likelihood. Our most robust model considered read depth as well as contig length, and was 7.5 × 1055 times more likely than the length-only model. Using this novel modeling approach, we estimated SNP frequency in protein-coding (mRNA) and non-coding transcripts (e.g., small RNAs). We found little difference in SNP frequency in the contigs, but we found a trend of a higher frequency of SNPs in long contigs representing non-coding transcripts relative to protein-coding transcripts. These results support the hypothesis that long non-coding transcripts are less conserved than long protein-coding transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: A modeling approach (i.e., using multiple model construction and model selection approaches) can be a powerful tool for identifying selection on specific functional sequence groups by comparing the frequency and distribution of polymorphisms.
Data from: Genome-wide analysis of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor gene family in six legume genomes
Background: Plant bZIP proteins characteristically harbor a highly conserved bZIP domain with two structural features: a DNA-binding basic region and a leucine (Leu) zipper dimerization region. They have been shown to be diverse transcriptional regulators, playing crucial roles in plant development, physiological processes, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Despite the availability of six completely sequenced legume genomes, a comprehensive investigation of bZIP family members in legumes has yet to be presented. Results: In this study, we identified 428 bZIP genes encoding 585 distinct proteins in six legumes, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula,Phaseolus vulgaris, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus cajan, and Lotus japonicus. The legume bZIP genes were categorized into 11 groups according to their phylogenetic relationships with genes from Arabidopsis. Four kinds of intron patterns (a–d) within the basic and hinge regions were defined and additional conserved motifs were identified, both presenting high group specificity and supporting the group classification. We predicted the DNA-binding patterns and the dimerization properties, based on the characteristic features in the basic and hinge regions and the Leu zipper, respectively, which indicated that some highly conserved amino acid residues existed across each major group. The chromosome distribution and analysis for WGD-derived duplicated blocks revealed that the legume bZIP genes have expanded mainly by segmental duplication rather than tandem duplication. Expression data further revealed that the legume bZIP genes were expressed constitutively or in an organ-specific, development-dependent manner playing roles in multiple seed developmental stages and tissues. We also detected several key legume bZIP genes involved in drought- and salt-responses by comparing fold changes of expression values in drought-stressed or salt-stressed roots and leaves. Conclusions: In summary, this genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of legume bZIP genes provides valuable information for understanding the molecular functions and evolution of the legume bZIP transcription factor family, and highlights potential legume bZIP genes involved in regulating tissue development and abiotic stress responses.
Data from: Prevalence of transcription factors in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi
Background: Gene regulation underlies fungal physiology and therefore is a major factor in fungal biodiversity. Analysis of genome sequences has revealed a large number of putative transcription factors in most fungal genomes. The presence of fungal orthologs for individual regulators has been analysed and appears to be highly variable with some regulators widely conserved and others showing narrow distribution. Although genome-scale transcription factor surveys have been performed before, no global study into the prevalence of specific regulators across the fungal kingdom has been presented. Results: In this study we have analysed the number of members for 37 regulator classes in 77 ascomycete and 31 basidiomycete fungal genomes and revealed significant differences between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. In addition, we determined the presence of 64 regulators characterised in ascomycetes across these 108 genomes. This demonstrated that overall the highest presence of orthologs is in the filamentous ascomycetes. A significant number of regulators lacked orthologs in the ascomycete yeasts and the basidiomycetes. Conversely, of seven basidiomycete regulators included in the study, only one had orthologs in ascomycetes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a significant difference in the regulatory repertoire of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi, at the level of both regulator class and individual regulator. This suggests that the current regulatory systems of these fungi have been mainly developed after the two phyla diverged. Most regulators detected in both phyla are involved in central functions of fungal physiology and therefore were likely already present in the ancestor of the two phyla.
Transcriptional activation of Arabidopsis zygotes is required for initial cell divisions
<p>Commonly referred to as the maternal-to-zygotic transition, the shift of developmental control from maternal-to-zygotic genomes is a key event during animal and plant embryogenesis. Together with the degradation of parental gene products, the increased transcriptional activities of the zygotic genome remodels the early embryonic transcriptome during this transition. Although evidence from multiple flowering plants suggests that zygotes become transcriptionally active soon after fertilization, the timing and developmental requirements of zygotic genome activation in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) remained a matter of debate until recently. In this report, we optimized an expansion microscopy technique for robust immunostaining of Arabidopsis ovules and seeds. This enabled the detection of marks indicative of active transcription in zygotes before the first cell division. Moreover, we employed a live-imaging culture system together with transcriptional inhibitors to demonstrate that such active transcription is physiologically required in zygotes and early embryos. Our results indicate that zygotic genome activation occurs soon after fertilization and is required for the initial zygotic divisions in Arabidopsis.</p>
Data from: Tracking transcription factor mobility and interaction in Arabidopsis roots with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
To understand complex regulatory processes in multicellular organisms, it is critical to be able to quantitatively analyze protein movement and protein-protein interactions in time and space. During Arabidopsis development, the intercellular movement of SHORTROOT (SHR) and subsequent interaction with its downstream target SCARECROW (SCR) control root patterning and cell fate specification. However, quantitative information about the spatio-temporal dynamics of SHR movement and SHR-SCR interaction is currently unavailable. Here, we quantify parameters including SHR mobility, oligomeric state, and association with SCR using a combination of Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) techniques. We then incorporate these parameters into a mathematical model of SHR and SCR, which shows that SHR reaches a steady state in minutes, while SCR and the SHR-SCR complex reach a steady-state between 18 and 24 hours. Our model reveals the timing of SHR and SCR dynamics and allows us to understand how protein movement and protein-protein stoichiometry contribute to development.
Data from: Transcriptional profiling at whole population and single cell levels reveals somatosensory neuron molecular diversity
The somatosensory nervous system is critical for the organism's ability to respond to mechanical, thermal, and nociceptive stimuli. Somatosensory neurons are functionally and anatomically diverse but their molecular profiles are not well-defined. Here, we used transcriptional profiling to analyze the detailed molecular signatures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. We used two mouse reporter lines and surface IB4 labeling to purify three major non-overlapping classes of neurons: 1)IB4+SNS-Cre/TdTomato+, 2)IB4-SNS-Cre/TdTomato+, and 3)Parv-Cre/TdTomato+ cells, encompassing the majority of nociceptive, pruriceptive, and proprioceptive neurons. These neurons displayed distinct expression patterns of ion channels, transcription factors, and GPCRs. Highly parallel qRT-PCR analysis of 334 single neurons selected by membership of the three populations demonstrated further diversity, with unbiased clustering analysis identifying six distinct subgroups. These data significantly increase our knowledge of the molecular identities of known DRG populations and uncover potentially novel subsets, revealing the complexity and diversity of those neurons underlying somatosensation.The somatosensory nervous system is critical for the organism's ability to respond to mechanical, thermal, and nociceptive stimuli. Somatosensory neurons are functionally and anatomically diverse but their molecular profiles are not well-defined. Here, we used transcriptional profiling to analyze the detailed molecular signatures of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. We used two mouse reporter lines and surface IB4 labeling to purify three major non-overlapping classes of neurons: 1)IB4+SNS-Cre/TdTomato+, 2)IB4-SNS-Cre/TdTomato+, and 3)Parv-Cre/TdTomato+ cells, encompassing the majority of nociceptive, pruriceptive, and proprioceptive neurons. These neurons displayed distinct expression patterns of ion channels, transcription factors, and GPCRs. Highly parallel qRT-PCR analysis of 334 single neurons selected by membership of the three populations demonstrated further diversity, with unbiased clustering analysis identifying six distinct subgroups. These data significantly increase our knowledge of the molecular identities of known DRG populations and uncover potentially novel subsets, revealing the complexity and diversity of those neurons underlying somatosensation.
Data from: Dynamic antagonism between phytochromes and PIF-family bHLHs induces selective reciprocal responses to light and shade in a rapidly responsive transcriptional network in Arabidopsis
Plants respond to shade-modulated light-signals, via the phytochrome (phy) system, by adaptive changes, collectively termed the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). To examine the roles of the Phy-Interacting bHLH Factors, PIF1, 3, 4 and 5, in relaying this information to the transcriptional network, we compared the genome-wide expression profiles of wild-type and quadruple pif (pifq) mutants in response to shade. The data identify a subset of genes, enriched in transcription-factor-encoding loci, that respond rapidly (within 1 h), in a PIF-dependent manner, to the shade signal, and that contain promoter-located G-box-sequence motifs (CACGTG), known to be preferred PIF binding sites. These genes are thus potential direct targets of phy-PIF signaling that function in the primary transcriptional circuitry controlling downstream response-elaboration. A second subset of PIF-dependent, early-response genes, lacking G-box motifs, are enriched for auxin-responsive loci, suggestive of being indirect targets of phy-PIF signaling involved in the rapid cell-expansion known to be induced by shade. A meta-analysis comparing deetiolation- and shade-responsive transcriptomes identifies a further subset of G-box-containing genes that reciprocally display rapid repression and induction in response to light and shade signals at the inception of deetiolation and shade-avoidance, respectively. Collectively, these data define a core set of transcriptional and hormonal (auxin, cytokinin) processes that appear to be dynamically poised to react rapidly to changes in the light environment via perturbations in the mutually antagonistic actions of the phys and PIFs. Data from comparative analysis of the quadruple pifq and all triple pif-mutant combinations in response to light and shade, confirm that the PIF-quartet members act with overlapping redundancy on seedling morphogenesis and transcriptional regulation, but that the individual PIFs contribute differentially to these responses.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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