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Fig. 8 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 8. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). Closeup of head of holotype. The characteristic Πshaped pattern differentiates andiana from Dipsas oreas and hints at a possible relationship with Panamanian Dipsas nicholsi.

Figs. 34–40. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 34. Head, frontal view. 35. Head, lateral view. 36 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 34–40. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 34. Head, frontal view. 35. Head, lateral view. 36. Spiracle of predefecating larva, side view. 37. Apex of right maxilla, dorsal view. 38–40. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

Figs. 29–33. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 29. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 30 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 29–33. Exaerete smaragdina, fifth instar. 29. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 30. Same, posterior view of terminal abdominal segments. 31. Same, dorsal view of posterior part of metathorax and first three abdominal segments. 32. Predefecating, early fifth instar, lateral view. 33. Predefecating, late fifth instar, lateral view. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to all figures.

Figs. 17–23. Exaerete smaragdina, third instar. 17. Entire body, lateral view. 18. Head, frontal view. 19. Head, lateral view. 20–22 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 17–23. Exaerete smaragdina, third instar. 17. Entire body, lateral view. 18. Head, frontal view. 19. Head, lateral view. 20–22. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively. 23. Right mandible with apex in maximum profile. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 17.

Fig. 1 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 1. Cells of Eulaema nigrita being provisioned (a and b) and parasitized (c) by Exaerete smaragdina; the arrow (d) indicates the plugged scar made by Exaerete smaragdina. The new cells (a, b, and c) were attached to one cell of the older cell cluster built during the first reuse process of N6.

Figs. 24–28. Exaerete smaragdina, fourth instar. 24. Entire body, lateral view. 25. Head, frontal view. 26. Head, lateral view. 27, 28 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Figs. 24–28. Exaerete smaragdina, fourth instar. 24. Entire body, lateral view. 25. Head, frontal view. 26. Head, lateral view. 27, 28. Right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 24.

Fig. 2 in Parasitic Behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with Descriptions of Its Mature Oocyte and Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

Fig. 2. Cell cluster of Eulaema nigrita from N3. Cell 1 shows the position of eggs of Exaerete smaragdina (ex) and Eulaema nigrita (el) on the food mass. Cells 2 and 3 show one larva (L) and one egg of Exaerete smaragdina, respectively. Cells 4 and 5 were being provisioned.

FIGURE 8 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 8. Plot of regressed PC coordinates against log-centroid size and histogram of maximum specimen length, coded for injured and noninjured specimens. A, Regressed PC coordinates against log-centroid size that shows no obvious pattern in injured and noninjured specimens, although many of the larger specimens are injured. B, Histogram of specimen length has an approximately normal distribution with the two largest specimens showing an injury.

FIGURE 1. Slab preserving a in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 1. Slab preserving a cluster of 18 fully articulated individuals of Arctinurus boltoni (AMNH- FI-101514–101531) from the mid-Silurian (Wenlock) Rochester Shale, New York state. Stars indicate injured specimens. Scale bar = 10 cm.

FIGURE 5 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 5. Specimens of Arctinurus boltoni with injuries to the thorax (A, B) and with reconstruction that mimics an injury (C, D), under plain and UV light. Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm. A–B, AMNH-FI-101518. C–D, AMNH-FI-101516.

FIGURE 4 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 4. Further specimens of Arctinurus boltoni with injuries to the pygidium, under plain and UV light. Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm. A–B, AMNH-FI-101529. C–D, AMNH- FI-101530. E–F, AMNH-FI-101531.

FIGURE 3 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 3. Specimens of Arctinurus boltoni with injuries to the pygidium, under plain and UV light (with brighter areas indicating parts of reconstructed exoskeleton). Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm. A–B, AMNH-FI-101521. C–D, AMNH-FI-101527.

FIGURE 2 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 2. Diagram of 12 landmarks selected to describe the overall shape of the exoskeleton of Arctinurus boltoni.

FIGURE 7 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 7. Principal components analysis of landmark data, with 49.5% variance in the data explained by the first two PCs (PC1=29.7%, PC2=19.8%). PC1 describes the variation in the intersection of the occipital furrow and anterior-posterior axis and junction points between posterior margin of the 11th tergite. PC2 mostly describes variation in cephalic width.

FIGURE 6 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior

FIGURE 6. Arctinurus boltoni specimen AMNH-FI-101520 with injuries to the thorax and pygidium, under A, plain and B, UV light. Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figs. 16, 17 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 16, 17. SEM micrograph of larval instars of Coelioxys coturnix. 16. Second instar showing skin of first instar attached to venter. 17. Close-up of first-instar mandible (identified by rectangle in fig. 16).

Figs. 11–15 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 11–15. SEM micrographs of first larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 11. Head, covered by chorion, biting egg of Megachile minutissima, frontolateral view. 12. Close-up of front of head, showing micropylar sculpturing of chorion. 13. Head of larva, now removed from host egg, showing mouthparts, near lateral view. 14. Same, approximate ventral view. 15. Mouthparts, with egg chorion and lateral part of parietal now removed, approximate frontal view.

Figs. 4–8 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 4–8. Macrophotographs of live eggs and early instars of Coelioxys coturnix and eggs of its host, Megachile minutissima. 4. Egg of C. coturnix on host egg. 5. Shrouded first instar of C. coturnix feeding on partly depleted egg of host. 6. Live egg of C. coturnix with its posterior end slightly submerged in provisions and positioned slightly diagonally on host egg; note second egg of C. coturnix removed from host egg and resting in provisions. 7. Egg of C. coturnix attached to host egg, both resting on their sides. 8. Live first instar of C. coturnix feeding on host egg with large egg of Sapyga luteomaculata, ready to eclose, nearby on surface of provisions.

Figs. 23–26 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 23–26. SEM micrographs of third larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 23. Head, mostly frontal view. 24. Close-up of mouthparts, showing dorsal mandibular tooth larger than on previous instar and showing larger palpi than on previous instar. 25. Close-up of left antenna and anterior tentorial pit (as identified by rectangle, fig. 23), showing two sensilla. 26. Spiracle, abdominal segment 3, right side.

Figs. 9, 10 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 9, 10. SEM micrographs of second instar (identified by its mandible, as in fig. 20) of Coelioxys coturnix. 9. The somewhat flaccid egg of Megachile minutissima to which is attached the chorion and presumably first instar skin of C. coturnix. 10. Close-up of micropyle (identified by rectangle in fig. 9) matched with micropyle of mature oocyte (Rozen and Kamel, 2007: fig. 33).