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FIGURE 6. Alcyonidium busanensis n in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 6. Alcyonidium busanensis n. sp., Namuseom Island, South Sea (MBRBKH6). A. Larvae being liberated from zooids. B. Ciliated larva. C–H. Compound-microscope images of living and preserved material. C. Cluster of developing embryos and larvae, removed from zooid. D. A ciliated larva and a developing embryo. E. Embryo magnified. F. Part of branch surface showing autozooids and kenozooids. G. Autozooids in partial side view showing small orifices. H. Retracted polypide. Scale bars: A = 4 mm; B = 0.60 mm; C–E = 0.20 mm; F = 0.44 mm; G = 0.30 mm; H = 0.14 mm.

FIGURE 18. Amathia medullaris Mawatari, 1972 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 18. Amathia medullaris Mawatari, 1972 (MBRBK1708). A. Portion of a live colony encrusting the alga Stephanocystis hakodatense. B. Cluster of zooids, many containing yellow embryos. C. Another view of live colony on alga with expanded (10-tentacled) tentacle crowns. D. Closely spaced squat zooids, with developing embryos. E. View of growing tip of a colony, with zooids aligned on stolon, but not massively clustered as in older areas of colony. F. Compound-microscope view of retracted zooids showing walls of tubes and part of a setigerous collar. G. More-magnified view of two zooids, both brooding embryos. Scale bars: B, E = 0.30 mm; D = 0.13 mm; G = 0.15 mm.

FIGURE 5. Alcyonidium busanensis n in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 5. Alcyonidium busanensis n. sp., Namuseom Island, South Sea (MBRBKH6). A. Live colony removed from fishing net. B. Another live colony showing branching pattern. C. Branch of live colony showing orange clusters of developing embryos inside some zooids. D. Colony surface showing zooid outlines, relatively small orifices, and clusters of embryos. Scale bars: A = 5 cm; C = 3 mm; D = 0.65 mm.

FIGURE 3. Alcyonidium bullitum n in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 3. Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp., Junghwadong, Baengnyeong Island. A. Very young colony encrusting sea grass with tentacle crowns expanded (MBRBKP4). B. Large multilayered colony enveloping a crab from deeper water, including its eye (BKF1). C. Another view of seagrass colony in A. D. Preserved rock-encrusting colony showing position of retracted polypides (BKF1). E. SEM image of dried surface of colony from enveloped crab, showing area with protruding orifices and tips of tentacle sheaths of many autozooids (BKF1). F. Part of crab-encrusting colony surface with mostly kenozooids, some still with bubble-like frontal membranes, others collapsed (BKF1). Scale bars: A, C = 0.50 mm; D = 0.60 mm; E, F = 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 8. Nolella cf. papuensis (Busk, 1886), Seongsan port, Jeju Island (MBRBK1706). A. Live colony attached to shell substratum. B. Cylindrical, translucent to opaque zooids. C. Single tentacle crown of Nolella (next to asterisk) between two larger tentacle crowns of a stolonate hydroid colony. D. Zooids at the edge of a cheilostome colony. E. Compound-microscope image of distal end of Nolella zooid showing striated cuticle. F. Same, showing portions of three zooids, with squared orifice at the distal end of the middle zooid tube. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B, D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.20 mm.

FIGURE 2. Alcyonidium bullitum n in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 2. Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp., Junghwadong, Baengnyeong Island (MBRBKH4). A. Live encrusting colony on intertidal rock. B. Higher-magnification view of same colony showing large orifice and outer area with bubble-like kenozooids. C. Close-up of white orifice and long tentacle sheaths of autozooids. D. View of preserved colony through compound microscope showing large dark-colored autozooids and many interspersed kenozooids. E. Part of colony with many transparent kenozooids, showing rock surface beneath. F. Compound-microscope image showing very large orifices of autozooids and a few small kenozooids. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B, C = 1.2 mm; E = 0.60 mm; F = 0.30 mm.

FIGURE 13. Penetrantia taeanata n in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 13. Penetrantia taeanata n. sp., Cheongpodae. A. Cast of a densely growing colony in an area heavily bored by endolithic filaments. B, C. Casts of zooids with roundly tapering to nearly pointed proximal ends and cuticular-wall striations. D. Cast of zooid showing the peduncle that connects it to the principal stolon. E. Stolon with zooid bud. Scale bars: A = 0.50 mm; B–D= 0.10 mm; E = 0.05 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 10. Resin casts of shell-boring colonies of Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. from Cheongpodae. A. Partial and complete zooid and stolon casts in a shell also heavily bored by filamentous endolithic organisms, note new zooid buds in area under the scale bar. B. Another part of colony, zooid buds under the "B" in upper right of image. C. Autozooid and stolons with branch. D. Zooid and stolon trifurcation. E. swollen gonozooid in partial profile. F. Another gonozooid. Scale bars: A, B = 0.20 mm; C–F = 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 4. Alcyonidium pulposum n in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 4. Alcyonidium pulposum n. sp., Yeonhwa-ri, Baengnyeong Island (MBRBKH5). A. Whole live colony. B. Close-up of branch tip showing thick side walls of zooids and yellow clusters of embryos. C. View of a larger bulbous area of the colony, again showing zooids and embryo clusters. D–F. Compound-microscope images. D. Part of colony surface showing very thick lateral walls and small oral papillae. E. Several more zooids showing thick lateral walls, small orifices. F. Two zooids at higher magnification to show very thick wall structure. Scale bars: B, C = 1 mm; D, E = 0.36 mm; F = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 7. Arachnoidella cf. protecta (Harmer, 1915), west of Cheongsan Island, south Sea (MBRBK1704). A. Remains of a colony encrusting subtidal rock. B. Five reconstituted zooids, showing dilatations and some caudae and peristomes. C. Cuticularized outlines of six zooids visible. D. Chain of zooids in lateral view. E. Compound-microscope image of a single detached autozooid, showing weakly irregular margins, indication of opening of peristome, and caudate proximal end. Scale bars: B–E = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 1. Map of Korean Peninsula showing numbered collecting localities of ctenostome specimens used in this study. Numbers refer to the localities shown in Table 1.

FIGURE 12. Penetrantia taeanata n in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 12. Penetrantia taeanata n. sp., Cheongpodae, various uncataloged shells. A. Low-magnification appearance of a densely growing colony. B, C. Higher-magnification views showing that, while the openings at the shell surface may look paired, the actual zooids are offset diagonally in a herringbone pattern. D, E. Variations in angle of zooid chambers within the shell. F. Part of stolon showing tubulets. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 9. Light micrographs of various uncataloged shell-borings of Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. and Penetrantia taeanata n. sp. from Cheongpodae. A. Immergentia, frontal view of tear-drop-shaped excavations on bivalve shell. B. Highermagnification view of Immergentia excavations on same shell. C. Penetrantia, characteristic 'railroad-track' arrangement of seemingly paired openings either side of stolon traces in a densely bored shell. D. Borings of both species in the same shell, scattered, smaller openings of Immergentia colonies are visible in the upper less-bored half of the image. E. More-magnified Penetrantia colonies showing zooid openings and stolon traces. F. Translucent shell back-lit to show presence of Penetrantia zooid chambers beneath the openings at the shell surface. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 4 mm; D = 0.20 mm.

FIGURE 17 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 17. Amathia cf. gracilis (Leidy, 1855), Seongsan port, Jeju Island (MBRBK1707). A. Two expanded 8-tentacled tentacle crowns and introverts of zooids attached to the sides of a hole bored in an intertidal stone. B. Zooids of another colony, the one inside hole is flicking tentacle crown tentacles to capture food particles. C. Zooids of A. gracilis to lower right of small crisiid in upper left of image.

FIGURE 16. Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824 in Korean ctenostome bryozoans-observations on living colonies, new records, five new species, and an updated checklist

FIGURE 16. Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824, Tongyeong yacht anchorage, south Sea (MBRBK1710). A. Branch clusters on stolons. B. Closer view of same area. C. Branch bifurcation and part of two zooid clusters. D. Distal part of a single cluster. Scale bars: A, B = 1.2 mm; C, D = 0.47 mm.

FIGURE 6. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae

FIGURE 6. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A–G, paratype 3 ZIRAS 4/50664; H, specimen R.V. TINRO 2016, Stn 74. Early astogeny. A–C, ancestrular complex formation; D–F, ancestrular interior; G, H, colonies at early stages of astogeny, external and internal views. A. Ancestrula with first distally-budded, transversally/spirally arranged postancestrular zooid. B. Ancestrula with two postancestrular zooids (right bud partially damaged) spirally arranged and budded in opposite directions; note cormidial nature of ancestrular orifice, with its distal margin comprises lateral vertical wall of distally budded zooid, and right lateral margin – lateral vertical wall of laterally budded zooid. C. Ancestrula with two postancestrular zooids, spirally arranged and budded in same direction. D. Interior of ancestrula and distally arranged, perpendicularly orientated periancestrular zooid. E. Interior of ancestrular zooid, showing intensive distal umbonuloid area around orifice composed of four lobes separated with fine meandering sutures, ring scar, and proximal pseudoporous (lepralioid) part of the frontal shield. F. Close-up of umbonuloid area including circular orifice possessing deep V-shaped sinus, four uneven lobes separated with fine meandering sutures, discrete ring scar forming regular boundary between exterior-wall microstructure of umbonuloid part and extra-umbonuloid calcification. G. Ancestrular complex comprising ancestrula and three spirally arranged periancestrular zooids plus four developing to fully completed zooids. H. Undersides of ancestrular complex. Scale bars: A–D, G, H, 0.2 mm; E, F, 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae

FIGURE 2. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A, Holotype ZIRAS 1/50661; B, paratype 5 ZIRAS 6/50666; C, paratype 4 ZIRAS 5/ 50665. A. General view of colony encrusting flattened pebble in boundary interactions with Celleporina ventricosa (Lorenz, 1886) (top left), Reussinella arctica (Osburn, 1950) (top right), Hippothoa arctica (Kluge, 1906), H. expansa Dawson, 1859 (bottom left) and Pachyegis princeps (Norman, 1903) (centrally to bottom right). B. General view of a medium-sized colony. C. General view of a young colony demonstrating a gradual shift in geometry of zooidal budding from spiral into reversedpolarity. Asterisks indicate zooids with a sideways (transverse) orientation. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae

FIGURE 5. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A, paratype 5 ZIRAS 6/50666; B, holotype ZIRAS 1/50661; C–G, paratype 2 ZIRAS 3/ 50663. A. Orificial area of newly formed zooid near colony margin, showing transversely oval primary orifice bordered by thinly calcified smooth narrow rim, and surrounded by granular-tubercular surface with circular pseudopores. B. Orificial area of completed zooid, showing drop-shaped secondary orifice with granular tubercular surface, overhanging distal curvature of deeply submerged primary orifice, leaving visible its proximal thickened smooth shelf with shallow sinus; note circular infundibular pseudopores with finely tuberculated surfaces stretched deep inside. C. Interior of zooidal orificial area, showing transversally oval primary orifice with shallow sinus and deep calcified visor with denticulate margin, covers half of primary orifice length. D. Interior of group of zooids from central colony area, indicating their incoherent orientation, showing transversally oval primary orifices, smaller circular scattered openings of pseudopores in frontal shields, and enlarged circular to oval openings of tubular areolar pore channels encroaching via vertical walls, which connect main coelom with hypostegal coelom. E. Interior of frontal shield, showing scattered smaller openings of pseudopores centrally, enlarged openings of tubular areolar pore channels encroaching via vertical walls, which connect main coelom with hypostegal coelom, and transversally oval primary orifice with distal overhanging visor of secondary calcification covering more than 2/3 of primary orifice length. F. Internal and external view of zooidal lateral wall with basal pore chambers and external openings of tubular areolar pore channels encroaching lateral wall to open into the hypostegal coelom. G. Longitudinal cross-section through zooid, showing remarkable thickness of frontal shield, with deep, proximally tilted lumen between primary and secondary orifices, and lateral to frontal openings of tubular areolar pore channels connecting main coelom with hypostegal coelom. Scale bars: A–C, E–G, 0.1 mm; D, 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 3. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae

FIGURE 3. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A, holotype ZIRAS 1/50661; B–D, paratype 5 ZIRAS 6/50666; E, F, paratype 2 ZIRAS 3/50663. A, B. Zooids differentiating at colony margin. C, D. Randomly orientated autozooids in central colony area. E. Three zooids, showing granular-tubercular frontal walls uniformly perforated by large, round, deep infundibuliform pseudopores and drop-shaped secondary orifices with rugged outlines, overhanging distal curvature of primary orifice and slightly covering its sides. F. Distolateral view towards two zooids, showing roughly granular-tubercular, elevated and distended frontal wall around orificial area, evenly perforated with circular to oval deep infundibuliform pseudopores. Scale bars: A–D, 0.25 mm; E, F, 0.1 mm.