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Fig. 12 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 12. Struthio camelus (LSU−SVM no number, Recent). Coronal oblique CT image of the head, showing the relationship of the caudal nasal septal ridge along the ventral vomer to the adjacent caudal portion of the middle concha. The concavity of the septum mirrors the curve of the concha.

Fig. 5 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 5. Three dimensional reconstruction of the inner ear of Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1) in lateral (A), anterior (B), and dorsal (C) views. An arrowhead points to a reconstruction artifact at junction of anterior semicircular canal and utricle. D. A stereopair in the dorsolateral view.

Fig. 3. A in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 3. A. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic), computed tomography image of the whole braincase in right lateral view with superimposed digital endocast (dark outline). The occipitofrontal angle is 98°. B. Allosaurus fragilis (UUVP 294, Cleveland−Lloyd Quarry, Morrison Formation, Jurassic) endocranial cast (from Rogers 1998). Matrix below the semicircular canals in an oval white outline represents epipharyngeal pneumatic sinuses and is not part of the endocranium. Note that endocast of Ceratosaurus is straighter than in Allosaurus.

Fig. 1 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs

Fig. 1. Endocranial vascular valleculae in Hadrosauridae, Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Campanian, Cretaceous. A. Incomplete braincase of an indeterminate lambeosaurine (TMP 67.09.11) in medial view. B. Hadrosaurid laterosphenoid (TMP 1979.11.09) in medial view.

Fig. 4 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic distribution of vascular valleculae in the forebrain region (bold lines) and Encephalization Quotients in Dinosauria. Valleculae occur in the clades with the relatively largest brains (i.e., the highest EQs). EQs are from Hurlburt (1996) and were calculated using the equation EQ = Mbr/(0.0155 * Mbd0.553). EQ for Hadrosaurinae (Edmontosaurus) was recalculated using an estimate that the brain occupied 60% of the endocranial cavity. Lambeosaurine EQ is approximate and assumed to be similar to hadrosaurines. Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus EQs were recalculated using endocast volume data from Larsson et al. (2000). When information was available for more than one taxon in a clade, an average EQ is figured. Cladogram topology after Sereno (1999), Pisani et al. (2002); theropod topology from Holtz and Osmólska (2004).

Fig. 11 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 11. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Three−dimensional virtual rendering of the preserved pneumatic sinuses in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Fig. 9. A in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 9. A. Alligator mississippiensis (LDWF 904625, Recent), optic/pituitary zone; A1, axial T2 weighted MRI, showing the optic chiasm in interorbital foramen; A2, sagittal T2 weighted MR1 of the same specimen, showing the optic chiasm within the interorbital fenestrum. B. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic); B1, computed tomography image of the whole braincase in right lateral view, with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections through optic/pituitary zone; B2–B4, sections through optic/pituitary zone that progress from caudal to rostral.

Fig. 7 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 7. Alligator mississippiensis (LDWF 904625, Recent). Coronal T2 weighted fast spin echo MRI of showing branches of the trigeminal nerve. The images progress from caudal to rostral. A. The caudalmost slice shows the trigeminal ganglion and the large mandibular branch (V3) entering the jaw muscle complex. B. Proximal maxillary branch (V2) exiting skull at apex of pterygoid space while the proximal ophthalmic branch (V1) travels towards the orbit inside the skull. C. V1 in the roof of the cavernous sinus, V2 outside the skull and prior to entering the posterior orbital floor next to the recurrent loop of the internal carotid artery. This section of the carotid artery is proximal to the anterior and posterior encephalic arteries (Burda 1969). D. V2 traversing the floor of the orbit before entering the snout. All sections are in the same scale.

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Fig. 1 in On the finding of ornithomimid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Ornithomimosauria) in the Upper Cretaceous beds of Tajikistan.

Fig. 1. Uzbekbaatar kizylkumensis. Dzharakuduk, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan; Bissekty Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Turonian). A. URBAC 98−11, left maxilla fragment with alveoli for P1–4, in occlusal (A1, stereopair), lateral (A2), and medial (A3) views. B. URBAC 03−175, right dentary fragment with alveoli for lower incisor, p3–4, m1–2, in occlusal (B1), labial (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. URBAC 04−105, left p4, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and occlusal (C3) views.

Fig. 3 in New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs

Fig. 3. Sacrum and articulated ilia of Psittacosaurus major sp. nov., LHPV 1, Near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, lower portion of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation. A. Photograph of in ventral view. B. Explanatory drawing of the same, showing broken bone (cross−hatching) and areas of matrix (tone).

Fig. 2 in New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs

Fig. 2. Relative size of the skull of the adult holotypic specimens of Psittacosaurus mongoliensis (black) and Psittacosaurus major sp. nov. (grey) in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Fig. 5 in New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs

Fig. 5. Regression of skull dimensions (cm) against body mass (log kg) in dinosaurian herbivores. Seven ceratopsians are plotted (1–7); frilled species (3–7) are plotted with, and without, the frill. A. Regression of skull length as a function of body mass shows that ceratopsians broadly overlap a comparable regression for other dinosaurian herbivores at body mass less than 100 kg. Larger−bodied ceratopsians (4–7;>1,000 kg), in contrast, have skulls approaching or exceeding a length of 1 m and plot outside the 95% confidence interval for other dinosaurian herbivores (lower curve). The largest ornithopods have comparable skull lengths to large−bodied ceratopsians. B. Regression of skull/trunk length as a function of body mass shows that ceratopsians have proportionately larger skulls even at moderate body masses between 10 and 100 kg broadly overlap a similar regression for other dinosaurian herbivores at body mass less than 100 kg. Larger−bodied ceratopsians (4–7;>1,000 kg), plot outside the 95% confidence interval for other dinosaurian herbivores including hadrosaurids (lower curve).

Fig. 1 in New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs

Fig. 1. Skull of Psittacosaurus major sp. nov., LHPV 1, Near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, lower portion of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. A1 and B1, photographs; A2 and B2, explanatory drawings of the same. In A2 and B2 the cross−hatching indicates the broken bone and the tone the matrix.

Fig. 4 in New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs

Fig. 4. Skull size in ceratopsians. A. Human silhouette (1.68 m) compared to an adult skull of the frilled ceratopsian Pentaceratops sternbergi (after Lehman 1998). B. Relationships among ceratopsians showing the shift to an obligate quadrupedal posture among neoceratopsians and stepwise increase in skull size (skull size shown as a percent of trunk length).

Fig. 1 in Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica

Fig. 1. Map of Antarctica (A), with inset maps showing the Central Transantarctic Mountains (B), and the Beardmore Glacier area where the Mount Kirkpatrick dinosaur site is located (C). Age and generalized stratigraphy of Triassic and Jurassic portions of the Beacon Supergroup in the Beardmore Glacier area, with relative positions of Mesozoic vertebrate faunas indicated at right (D). Abbreviations: FM, Formation; L, lower member; M, middle member; U, upper member.

Fig. 5 in Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica

Fig. 5. Sauropodomorph dinosaur Glacialisaurus hammeri gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation at Mt. Kirkpatrick, Beardmore Glacier region, Antarcticac. Right pes (FMNH PR1823) in anterior (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. Astragalus and distal tarsals have been digitally removed in B.

Fig. 2 in Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica

Fig. 2. Sauropodomorph dinosaur Glacialisaurus hammeri gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation at Mt. Kirkpatrick, Beardmore Glacier region, Antarcticac. Distal left femur (FMNH PR1822) in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), and medial (D) views.

Fig. 4 in Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica

Fig. 4. Sauropodomorph dinosaur Glacialisaurus hammeri gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation at Mt. Kirkpatrick, Beardmore Glacier region, Antarcticac. Right astragalus (FMNH PR1823) in dorsal (A), and posterior (B) views. Right distal tarsals and metatarsus have been digitally removed in A.

Fig. 7 in Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs based on Yates (2007a, b), and including Glacialisaurus and several novel characters (see Appendix 1). Bootstrap values greater than 50% are listed above nodes, and Bremer decay indices greater than 1 are listed below nodes. Relationships among non−sauropodomorph taxa (here collapsed into an "outgroup" lineage) are identical to those recovered in Yates (2007a, b). Several taxon labels (in bold) follow Yates (2007b).

Fig. 6 in Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica

Fig. 6. Sauropodomorph dinosaur Glacialisaurus hammeri gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation at Mt. Kirkpatrick, Beardmore Glacier region, Antarcticac. Right metatarsal II (FMNH PR1823) in distal view. Anterior is toward the top of the page. Note the medial twisting of the distal articular end, and the more robust development of the medial condyle.