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Supplementary material 8 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure S3

Supplementary material 10 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure S5

Supplementary material 7 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure S2

Supplementary material 6 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure S1

Supplementary material 5 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Table S5

Supplementary material 4 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Table S4

Supplementary material 3 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Table S3

Figure 3 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 3 Bayesian inference tree of the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage derived from the combined mtDNA + nuDNA analysis of 3207 bp of alignment including 12S rRNA, tRNAVal, 16S rRNA and BDNF gene fragments. Black circles correspond to well-supported (PP ≥ 0.95; BS ≥ 90) and white circles to moderately supported (0.95 > PP ≥ 0.90; 90 > BS ≥ 75) nodes; no circles indicate unsupported nodes. Letters A–I denote the species groups of Gorin et al. (2020). For voucher specimen information and GenBank accession numbers see Suppl. material 1: Table S1. Yellow, red, and blue color denotes Microhyla I, Microhyla II, and Glyphoglossus, respectively. Numbers at tree nodes correspond to PP/BS support values, respectively (shown only for moderately supported nodes). For full version of this tree showing the outgroups and node support values see Suppl. material 6: Figure S1.

Figure 7 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 7 Hand skeleton composition in the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage representatives. The hands are shown in ventral view for Glyphoglossus molossus (A), Glyphoglossus yunnanensis (B), Microhyla achatina (C), Microhyla nepenthicola (D) and Nanohyla arboricola (E). Note: figures display only calcified structures; cartilages are omitted due to limitations of micro-CT scanning. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

Figure 8 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 8 Continuous ancestral state reconstruction of male body size (left) and sexual size dimorphism (right) in the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage. Species names in purple have at least one sex with maximum SVL ≤ 20 mm, in fuchsia at least one sex with maximum SVL ≤ 16 mm. Circles at nodes are based on inferred ancestral male SVL.

Figure 12 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 12 Holotype of Microhyla maculifera Inger, 1989 (FMNH 231271, adult male) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) aspects. Scale bar denotes 5 mm. Field Museum of Natural History. FMNH 231271. Created by Field Museum of Natural History, Amphibian and Reptile Collection and licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0.

Figure 4 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 4 General osteology of the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage representatives. The full skeletons are shown for Glyphoglossus molossus (A – dorsal, B – ventral views), Glyphoglossus yunnanensis (C – dorsal, D – ventral views), Microhyla achatina (E – dorsal, F – ventral views), Microhyla nepenthicola (G – dorsal, H – ventral views), and Nanohyla arboricola (I – dorsal, J – ventral views). Note: figures display only calcified structures; cartilages are omitted due to limitations of micro-CT scanning. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

Supplementary material 2 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Table S2

Figure 6 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 6 Axial skeleton composition in the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage representatives. The vertebral columns are shown in dorsal view for Glyphoglossus molossus (A), Glyphoglossus yunnanensis (B), Microhyla achatina (C), Microhyla nepenthicola (D) and Nanohyla arboricola (E). Numerals (I–VIII) correspond to the numbers of presacral vertebrae (PSV); I+II denotes fusion of the two first PSV. Note: figures display only calcified structures; cartilages are omitted due to limitations of micro-CT scanning. Scale bar equals 3 mm.

Figure 11 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 11 Members of the new genus Nanohyla gen. nov. in life (males): N. annectens from Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia (A), N. annamensis from Bidoup – Nui Ba N.P., Lam Dong, Vietnam (B), N. arboricola from Chu Yang Sin N.P., Dak Lak, Vietnam (C), N. hongiaoensis from Bidoup – Nui Ba N.P., Lam Dong, Vietnam (D), N. marmorata from Kon Chu Rang N.R., Gia Lai, Vietnam (E), N. nanapollexa from Kon Plong, Kon Tum, Vietnam (F), N. perparva from Gunung Mulu, Sarawak, Malaysia (G), N. petrigena from Gunung Mulu, Sarawak, Malaysia (H), and N. pulchella from Bidoup – Nui Ba N.P., Lam Dong, Vietnam (I). Insets show tympanic area of the each species; white arrow points at the tympanic rim of the external tympanum. Photos by Nikolay A. Poyarkov (A–С, D–F, I), Vu Dang Hoang Nguyen (D), and Indraneil Das (G, H).

Figure 2 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 2 Diversity of the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage based on an updated mtDNA-genealogy derived from the analysis of 2478 bp of alignment including 12S rRNA, tRNAVal, 16S rRNA gene fragments. Black circles correspond to well-supported (PP ≥ 0.95; BS ≥ 90) and white circles to moderately supported (0.95 > PP ≥ 0.90; 90 > BS ≥ 75) nodes; no circles indicate unsupported nodes. Letters A–I denote the species groups of Gorin et al. (2020). Photos by Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Indraneil Das, Vladislav A. Gorin, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Luan Thanh Nguyen, and Evgeniya N. Solovyeva. For full version of this tree showing the outgroups and node support values see Suppl. material 7: Figure S2.

Figure 10 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 10 Palmar views of hands (above) and thenar views of feet (below) of the representative Microhylas. str. and Nanohyla gen. nov. species: N. annamensis (A, B), N. arboricola (C, D), M. minuta (E, F), and M. tetrix (G, H). Arrow indicates outer metatarsal tubercle. Not to scale. Line drawings by Valentina D. Kretova.

Figure 9 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 9 Relationships between body size among sexes (A), and between male body size and sexual size dimorphism (B) in Microhylas. str., Nanohyla gen. nov., and Glyphoglossus. The line in (A) represents x=y.

Figure 1 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 1 Distribution ranges of the three clades of the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage. Distribution area of Microhyla I is shown in yellow, of Microhyla II in red, and of Glyphoglossus in blue. Distributional data from Gorin et al. (2020). Question mark denotes the unconfirmed record of "Microhyla annamensis" from Khao Sebab in eastern Thailand by Taylor (1962).

Figure 5 from: Gorin VA, Scherz MD, Korost DV, Poyarkov NA (2021) Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 21-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968

Figure 5 Cranial osteology of the Microhyla–Glyphoglossus assemblage representatives. The skulls are shown in dorsal / ventral / lateral views for Glyphoglossus molossus (A / B / C, respectively), Glyphoglossus yunnanensis (D / E / F, respectively), Microhyla achatina (G / H / I, respectively), Microhyla nepenthicola (J / K / L, respectively), and Nanohyla arboricola (M / N / O, respectively). Note: figures display only calcified structures; cartilages are omitted due to limitations of micro-CT scanning. Scale bar equals 3 mm.