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Fig. 4 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. from life (A–L). (A, C, D) Ventral views of different cells, showing variation of body shape, arrow shows cilia in AZM1. (B) Dorsal view showing inclusions, a small spur-like protrusion (arrow in B), and anterior membranelles (arrow in D). (E) Partially lateral view. (F) Anterior portion showing spur-like bulge (arrow) at anterior margin of body and AZM1. (G) Ventral view of posterior part showing AZM2, and small left marginal cirrus (arrow). (H) Ventral view of anterior part, showing frontal cirri. (I) Ventral view of posterior part, showing the fine rightmost transverse cirrus (arrow) and left marginal cirri. (J) Ventral view, showing two fine ventral cirri (arrows). (K) Depicting dorsal bristles. (L) Dorsal view, to show caudal cirri located at concave area and dorsal grooves (arrows). AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 5 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–I). (A–C, I) Ventral and dorsal views of specimens at interphase, showing ciliature and macronuclear nodules, arrow showing the small left marginal cirrus. (D, E) Anterior view, to show AZM1 and frontal cirri. (F) Arrows show two fine ventral cirri. (G, H) Depicting AZM2 and left marginal cirri. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; DK3, dorsal kinety 3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; PM, paroral membrane; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 3 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 3. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing migration of new structures and the formation of spherical fused macronucleus. (C, D) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, five new membranelles combine with six retained membranelles to form anterior part of adoral zone of membranelles in the proter, the macronucleus dividing once. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same daughter cell just after fusion, showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 2 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 2. Morphogenesis of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–F). (A, B) Ventral and dorsal view of the same specimen, arrows in A and B show cirral anlagen and two caudal cirri in the rightmost dorsal kinety anlagen of both proter and opisthe, respectively, arrowheads in A and B mark left marginal anlagen and replication bands, respectively. (C) Ventral view of a middle divider, arrowheads mark the development of left marginal anlagen. (D) Ventral view of a middle divider, showing the formation of paroral membrane anlagen and the segmentation of cirral anlagen (arrows), dedifferentiation of the old paroral membrane. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same late divider, showing the formation of new membranelles and cirri and other dorsal kineties anlagen, arrows show de novo formation of a frontal cirrus beside new paroral membrane OP, opisthe's oral primordium; PMA, paroral membrane anlage; POP, proter's oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 1. Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. in vivo (A) and after protargol staining (B–F). (A) Ventral view of a representative individual. (B, C) Ventral and dorsal view of the holotype specimen, showing the ciliature and nuclear apparatus. Frontal-midventral-transverse cirri which originate from the same anlage are connected by a broken line. (D) Ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of cirral anlagen and OP. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of the same early divider, showing the development of cirral anlagen and OP as well the formation of proter's oral primodirum, left marginal anlagen (arrows in E) and replication bands (arrow in F) and dorsal kinety anlagen in the two rightmost old structures; arrowhead indicates short cirral anlage. AZM1,2, anterior and proximal part of adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CA, cirral anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; FC, frontal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodule; OP, opisther's oral primodium; PM, paroral membrane; POP, proter's oral primordium; TC, transverse cirri; VC, ventral cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 7 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 7. Photomicrographs of dividers of Parakahliella macrostoma pop. 2 during divisional morphogenesis (after protargol staining). (A) ventral view of early divider showing oral primordium, arrowheads point to the left frontoventral cirri. (B, C) ventral views of late divider, arrows mark the left frontoventral row anlagen, white arrow indicates the oral primordium, arrowheads mark the right frontoventral row anlagen (B) arrowheads in C point to the undulating membrane anlage. (D–G) ventral views of late dividers of proter, arrows indicate the newly formed left frontoventral row, arrowheads mark the newly formed right frontoventral row. (H) ventral view of late divider of opisthe, arrow indicates the newly formed left frontoventral row, arrowhead marks the newly formed right frontoventral row. (I) dorsal view of anterior portion showing the dorsal kineties anlagen, arrowheads mark new caudal cirri. (J–M) dorsal views of the body portion showing the macronuclear nodules fused to a single mass (J) and divider (K–M). LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlagen; UMA, undulating membrane anlage; I–III, frontoventral transverse cirral anlagen I–III. Scale bars: 25 μm in A, C, 30 μm in D, G and 20 μm in J.

Fig. 4 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2 from life (A–E) and after protargol staining (F–J). (A) ventral view of typical individual. (B, C) ventral views of the anterior portion showing adoral zone of membranelles in B and contractile vacuole in C. (D) a different individual under the polarizing microscope (POL) showing the crystals in the cytoplasm. (E) lateral view in vivo. (F) anterior body portion in ventral view; dotted ellipses indicate the buccal and parabuccal cirri; also showing the frontal cirri, endoral, paroral, and adoral zone of membranelles. (G) a part of body in ventral view, arrow indicates the left frontoventral row, arrowhead marks the right frontoventral row. (H) dorsal view of the posterior portion showing caudal cirri. (I) body portion in dorsal view showing macronuclear nodules, arrowheads mark the dorsal kineties. (J) anterior body portion in dorsal view showing dorsal kineties. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; CC, caudal cirri; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PBC, parabuccal cirri; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 80 μm in A, 60 μm in D, E and 30 μm in F.

Fig. 3 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.1 from life (A–G) and after protargol staining (H–M). (A) ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) ventral views of a different individuals in B and food vacuoles (arrowheads). (D) lateral view in vivo. (E, F) body portion in ventral views showing adoral zone of membranelles and contractile vacuole position. (G) detail of crystals (arrowheads) in the cytoplasm. (H) anterior body portion in ventral view showing adoral zone of membranelles. (I) anterior body in ventral view showing macronuclear nodules. (J) dorsal view of anterior body portion showing the dorsal kineties. (K–M) ventral and dorsal views of a mid-stage divide. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; Ma, macronuclear nodules; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 130 μm in A, H and 20 μm in F.

Fig. 6 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 6. Late dividers of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2, after protargol staining. (A–D) late divider, arrows mark the newly formed left frontoventral row and arrowheads indicate the newly formed right frontoventral row (A, C); arrowheads mark the newly formed caudal cirri (B, D); short lines connect buccal cirri, dotted ellipses indicate the parabuccal cirri; asterisks mark the additional frontoventral streak (A, C). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlagen; 1–3, dorsal kineties anlagen. Scale bars: 120 μm.

Fig. 5 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 5. Morphogenesis in Parakahliella macrostoma pop.2 from early to late stages (after protargol staining). (A) early divider, showing the oral primordium. (B–G) middle divider. (H, I) late divider. Arrows in (B) mark the left marginal anlagen; arrows point to the left frontoventral row primordia (D, F, H), arrowheads indicate the right frontoventral row primordia (D, F, H) and the newly formed caudal cirri (E, G, I); short lines connect buccal cirri (F, H), dotted ellipses indicate the parabuccal cirri (F, H); asterisks mark the additional frontoventral streaks (D, F, H). DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; LMA, left marginal anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlagen; UMA, undulating membrane anlage; 1–3, dorsal kineties anlagen. Scale bars: 100 μm in A, D, E and 120 μm in F–I.

Fig. 6 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 6. Drawings and photomicrographs of Parastrombidinopsis minima from life (A, E–G) and after protargol staining (B–D, H–M). (A, F, G) Views of three individuals showing the body shape. (B, C) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen showing the ciliature. (D, H, I) Detail of collar membranelles; the arrows mark the ventral gap. (E) From Tsai et al. (2008). (J) Somatic ciliature. (K) An early divider; arrowhead marks the oral primordium. (L, M) Ventral and dorsal views of same specimen showing the ciliature. CM, collar membranelles; E, endoral membrane; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 25 μm.

Fig. 7 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 7. Bayesian-Inference tree inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences, indicating the polygenetic positions of species of the genus Parastrombidinopsis. Numbers at the nodes represent support values in the following order: BI posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap values. Disagreements in topology between the BI and ML trees are indicated by a hyphen. Nodes that were well supported (1.00 BI; 100% ML) are represented by filled circles. Bar = 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Species sequenced in the present study are shown in bold type.

Fig. 4 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 4. Parastrombidinopsis pelagica (Fauré-Fremiet, 1924) comb. n. from life (A–D, F) and after protargol staining (E, G–I). (A, B) Ventral views of two individuals. (C) Swimming pattern. (D) Different individuals to show the variations in body shape. (E) Detail of oral membranelles. (F) From Fauré-Fremiet (1924). (G, H) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen showing the ciliature. (I) Lateral view of a specimen. CM, collar membranelles; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Fig. 3 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. from life (A–F, J) and after protargol staining (G–I, K–N), (A–E, G–J, L, M) from Zhuhai population, and (F, K, N) from Sanya population. (A–C) Ventral-left, ventral, left-lateral views of one individual, arrows mark the dorsal ridge. (D, E) Ventral-left, ventral-right views of one individual; arrows mark the dorsal ridge. (F) Ventral-right view of one individual, arrow marks the dorsal ridge. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal views of one specimen, showing the somatic ciliature. (I) Ventral view of oral ciliature; arrow marks buccal membranelle. (J) Bases of oral membranelles; arrow marks buccal membranelle. (L) An early divider; arrow marks the oral primordium. (M) Two macronuclei. (K, N) Ventral and dorsal views of one specimen, showing the somatic ciliature. CM, collar membranelles; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 25 μm (A, D); 20 μm (F); 3 μm (J).

Fig. 2 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 2. Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. of Zhuhai population from life (A–D) and after protargol staining (E–G). (A, B) Ventral and left lateral views of representative individuals; arrows mark the dorsal ridges. (C) Apical view, showing collar membranelles and body shape; arrow marks the dorsal ridge. (D) Locomotion. (E) Oral ciliature. (F, G) Ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen. BM, buccal membranelle; CM, collar membranelles; E, endoral membrane; SK, somatic kinety. Scale bars: 25 μm.

Fig. 2 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 2. Morphology of Parakahliella macrostoma pop.1 (A–C) and pop.2 (D–E) from life (A, D) and after protargol staining (B, C, E, F). (A, D) Ventral views of a representative individual. (B, C, E, F) Infraciliature of ventral and dorsal sides and macronuclear apparatus of specimens, arrowheads mark the right frontoventral row (B, E) and arrow marks the left frontoventral row (B). AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; CV, contractile vacuole; E, endoral; FC, frontal cirri; LMR1, 2, left marginal row 1, 2; LVR, left frontoventral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; P, paroral; PBC, parabuccal cirri; RMR1–3, right marginal row 1–3; RVR, right frontoventral row; 1–5, dorsal kineties. Scale bars: 70 μm in A–C and 60 μm in D–F.

Fig. 1 in Morphology of Three Aloricate Choreotrich ciliates, Including Description of a New Species Parastrombidinopsis costalis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Choreotrichia), and phylogeny of the genus Parastrombidinopsis

Fig. 1. Satellite photograph of South-East China (A) and pictures of sampling sites (B–E). (A) The position of Zhanjiang, Zhuhai, Haikou and Sanya. (B) Coastal waters off Zhanjiang. (C) Coastal waters off Zhuhai. (D) Brackish waters in Haikou. (E) Mangrove wetland in Sanya.

Fig. 8 in Integrative Studies on the Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate, Parakahliella macrostoma (Foissner, 1982) Berger et al., 1985 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Fig. 8. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Numbers at nodes represent the bootstrap values of maximum likelihood analysis out of 1,000 replicates and the posterior probability of Bayesian analysis. "*" indicates the disagreement between BI tree and the reference ML tree. All branches are drawn to scale; scale bar corresponds to two substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

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Fig. 4 in Phylogeny and Synonymy of Gyrodinium heterostriatum comb. nov. (Dinophyceae), a Common Unarmored Dinoflagellate in the World Oceans

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree based on LSU rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of the sequence of Gymnodinium heterostriatum/ striatissimum by Maximum Likelihood (ML). The new sequence is indicated in bold face. Numbers near branches denote ML bootstrap probability value. The geographic origin is placed between brackets. Bootstrap values <70 are omitted. Scale bar denotes 0.05 substitutions per site.