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Fig. 4 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 4. Comparison of fully grown gametocytes of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) from the blood of Curruca communis (A, B), Haemoproteus sittae (unknown lineage) from the blood of Sittae europaea (C, D) and Haemoproteus dolniki (unknown lineage) from the blood of Fringilla coelebs (E, F). Note: the elongate and markedly attenuated nuclei of infected erythrocytes containing advanced gametocytes of the new species (A, B), which is not the case in other Haemoproteus parasites (C–F). All images are from type specimens of these species. Symbols are the same as in Fig. 2. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 7 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 7. High gametocytaemia of Haemoproteus palloris (lineage hWW1) from the blood of a willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus. Note that young gametocytes are absent, and the parasitaemia consists exclusively of mature fully grown macro- and microgametocytes, indicating a synchronous parasite development and probable absence of recent maturation of tissue meronts, which are the only source of merozoites for young gametocyte development during Haemoproteus infections. Triangle arrowhead – macrogametocytes; triangle wide arrowheads – microgametocytes. Long arrows – parasite nuclei. Giemsa-stained preparations. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 2. Gametocytes of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) from the blood of its type host, the common whitethroat Curruca communis: A-H – macrogametocytes, I-L – microgametocytes. Note: the markedly attenuated width of infected erythrocytes (D–G) containing advanced gametocytes, compared to uninfected erythrocytes, and the presence of predominantly oval or elongate pigment granules in fully grown gametocytes (F–H, J-L). All images are from the hapantotype. Long arrows – parasite nuclei. Short arrows – vacuoles. Arrowheads – pigment granules. Short simple wide arrow – nucleolus. Long triangle wide arrows – unfilled spaces between erythrocyte nuclei and gametocytes. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 6 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 6. Bayesian Inference tree (A) based on partial (478 bp) cytb sequences of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and the 20 closest related Haemoproteus lineages. Bayesian posterior probabilities and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values were indicated above and below nodes, respectively. For each lineage, representative GenBank accession numbers and MalAvi lineage codes (if available) are indicated as well as the most common bird host. The scale bar indicates the expected mean number of substitutions per site according to the model of sequence evolution applied. Images B and C show the Median-Joining DNA haplotype network of partial (478 bp) cytb sequences of H. angustus hCWT7 and the 20 closest related Haemoproteus lineages. The upper image (B) shows the host distribution, and the lower image (C) depicts the geographic distribution according to the United Nations geoscheme. Each circle represents a unique haplotype/lineage. The frequency of each lineage is indicated for all haplotypes with more than one record and roughly corresponds to the size of circles. Bars on branches indicate the number of substitutions between two haplotypes. Small white circles represent median vectors, which are hypothetical (often ancestral or unsampled) sequences required to connect existing haplotypes with maximum parsimony.

Fig. 3 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 3. Comparison of fully grown gametocytes of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) from the blood of Curruca communis (A–D), H. belopolskyi (lineage hHIICT1) from the blood of Hippolais icterina (E–H) as well as H. parabelopolskyi (hSYAT2) (I–L), H. pallidulus (hSYAT3) (M–P), H. homogeneae (hSYAT16) (Q–T) and H. majoris (hWW2) (U–X) from the blood of Sylvia atricapilla. Note: the markedly attenuated gametocytes of the new species (A–D), which are not present in other Haemoproteus parasites (E–X); the fully grown gametocytes of H. belopolskyi (F, H) and H. parabelopolskyi (J, L) are bigger than those of H. angustus n. sp.; the pigment granules are predominantly roundish and small in H. pallidulus (M–P); the fully grown gametocytes are small and do not reach poles of infected erythrocytes in H. homogeneae (R, T); the erythrocyte nuclei are displaced laterally by H. majoris (V, X) – all these feature are not characteristic of H. angustus sp. nov. Symbols are the same as in Fig. 2. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed using partial cytochrome b in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed using partial cytochrome b sequences of 61 lineages of Haemoproteus, 4 lineages of Plasmodium, and Leucocytozoon sp. lSISKIN2 as outgroup. Posterior probabilities higher than 0.8 are indicated close to the respective nodes. Red font indicates the parasite lineage described in this publication. Vertical bars (A–D) show groups of closely related lineages, which complete development and produce gametocytes only in non-passerines (A, D), both non-passerines and passerines (B), and only passerines (C). Blue font indicates Haemoproteus species, which develop in non-passerine avian hosts, which are indicated by symbols (● – Psittaciformes; ∎ - Coraciiformes; ▴ - Strigiformes; ◆ - Anseriformes; ★ - Charadriiformes; ♥ - Pelecaniformes; ⋄ - Piciformes; ⊠ - Sphenisciformes; Ω - Musophagiformes; § - Trochiliformes; Ψ – Falconiformes; Σ – Columbiformes; Φ - Galliformes). Lineage names were provided (according to MalAvi database), followed by parasite species names and sequence GenBank accession numbers.

Fig. 5. Haemoproteus angustus n in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 5. Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) gametogenesis (A–H) and ookinete development (I–L) in vitro: A, B – initial stages of rounding up of gametocytes after the exposure of infected blood to air; C, E – rounded up macrogametocyte (C) and microgametocyte (E); F – the exflagellation; G – microgamete; H – fertilization; I – initial stage of ookinete development; J – medium differentiated ookinete; K – nearly mature ookinete with a residual body; L – mature ookinete without residual body. Note: the presence of several small residual bodies in erythrocytes containing gametocytes, which were preparing to escape from infected erythrocytes (A-C, E) – a unique character of this species during the initial stage of gametogenesis. Short triangle wide arrows – residual bodies; triangle arrowhead – macrogamete; triangle wide arrowheads – microgametes; short barbed arrows – finger-like outgrowth; long barbed arrows – apical end of developing ookinete; simple wide arrowhead – residual body of ookinete. Other symbols as in Fig. 2. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 5 in Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis)

Fig. 5. Pathogenesis of T. stableri in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons. Oral and esophageal caseonecrotic lesions (e.g., white arrowheads) observed during post-mortem examination in cases CA015500 (A) and CA015499 (B). Both birds were collected and sampled between February 16 and February 19, 2012 during a trichomonosis mortality event in Monterey County, California. Infection with T. stableri was confirmed by DNA amplification performed directly on lesion tissues. (C) Immunohistochemical staining of trichomonad antigen (red) in lung tissue of case CA015506. Lung infection likely occurred via aspiration of necrotic debris from the laryngeal region. Scale bar is 50 µm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis)

Fig. 6. Geographic distribution of birds (solid black circles) infected with T. stableri in California. Circle size is relative to the number of birds infected at each site.

Fig. 4 in Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis)

Fig. 4. Consensus phylogenetic tree of partial rpb1gene sequences (1191 bp alignment) made by Bayesian inference. Legend denotes substitutions per site. All node posterior probabilities are 100% unless otherwise noted.

Fig. 1 in Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis)

Fig. 1. Micrographs of T. gallinae and T. stableri trophozoites. (A) T. gallinae, illustrating the four anterior flagella, and the extension of the axostyle. Note the slender appearance of the trophozoite with a near elliptical form. (B) Slender form of T. stableri is shown with protruding axostyle and four anterior flagella. (C) Rounded form of T. stableri is shown with the four anterior flagella. All scale bars are 5 µm.

Fig. 2 in Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis)

Fig. 2. Consensus phylogenetic tree of ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 sequences (260 bp alignment) made by Bayesian inference. Legend denotes substitutions per site. All posterior probabilities are>90% unless otherwise noted. ITS region Sequence Groups refer to designations described in Gerhold et al. (2008). BTPI, band-tailed pigeon; BWHA, broadwinged hawk; COHA, Cooper's hawk; ECDO, Eurasian collared dove, GRDO, common ground dove; HOFI, house finch; MODO, mourning dove; ROPI, rock pigeon; WWDO, white-winged dove.

Fig. 3 in Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis)

Fig. 3. Consensus phylogenetic tree of partial Fe-hydrogenase gene sequences (750 bp alignment) made by Bayesian inference. Legend denotes substitutions per site. All node posterior probabilities are>90% unless otherwise noted.

Fig. 2 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 2. Viability of second instar larva to adult for populations of Drosophila willistoni (CAJ, PMA and POA), D. mercatorum (SER, CAJ, SAN and POA), D. maculifrons (CAJ and PMA), and D. ornatifrons (CAJ and PMA). Viability was calculated as the emerged adults/total larvae ratio. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences at a p value of 0.05 determined by the ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.

Fig. 5 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 5. Triglycerides (A), Glycogen (B), and Total Protein (C) concentrations per mg of dry weight of adult females and males from populations of Drosophila willistoni (CAJ, PMA, and POA), D. mercatorum (SER, CAJ, SAN, and POA), D. maculifrons (CAJ and PMA), and D. ornatifrons (CAJ and PMA). Values are means and SE for homogenates of 15 flies for D. willistoni and 5 flies for D. mercatorum, D. maculifrons, and D. ornatifrons. Lines above bars group statistically similar values. Asterisks above bars and different letters above lines indicate significant differences (sex and populational, respectively) at a p value of 0.05, determined by the ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.

Fig. 1 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 1. Map of the collection areas of Drosophila populations from which isofemale lines were obtained and analyzed. The locations are described in the Material and Methods section. SER: 21°15'15.23"S, 47°34'34.95"W - Altitude 830 m; CAJ: 21°21'35.45"S, 47°17'32.89"W - Altitude 830 m; PMA: 25°21'3.23"S, 51°28'4.41"W - Altitude: 1,000 m; SAN: 29°23'0.54"S, 54°45'41.58"W - Altitude: 135 m; POA: 30°4'9.94"S, 51°7'36.34"W - Altitude: 115 m.

Fig. 3 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 3. Development time from second instar larva to emerged adults for populations of Drosophila willistoni (CAJ, PMA and POA), D. mercatorum (SER, CAJ, SAN and POA), D. maculifrons (CAJ and PMA), and D. ornatifrons (CAJ and PMA). The development times were measured in hours. Lines above bars group statistically similar values. Asterisks above bars and different letters above lines indicate significant differences (sex and populational, respectively) at a p value of 0.05, determined by the ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.

Fig. 4 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 4. Dry weights in milligrams of adult females and males from populations of Drosophila willistoni (CAJ, PMA and POA), D. mercatorum (SER, CAJ, SAN and POA), D. maculifrons (CAJ and PMA), and D. ornatifrons (CAJ and PMA). Individual dry weights were calculated from samples of 15 recently emerged flies of D. willistoni, and 5 recently emerged flies of D. mercatorum, D. maculifrons, and D. ornatifrons. Lines above bars group statistically similar values. Asterisks above bars and different letters above lines indicate significant differences (sex and populational, respectively) at a p value of 0.05, determined by the ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.

Fig. 5 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 5. Currently accepted Cheloniidae relationships and divergence times. The red bar corresponds to the Hyachelia lowryi and H. tortugae divergence time of 26.16 Ma. (95% HPD: 9.36–46.43). Species in bold represent Hyachelia occurrences. Turtle drawings are adapted from Vecta.io and Biorender. Orange triangles represent known H. lowryi hosts and blue dots represent known H. tortugae hosts.

Fig. 4 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 4. COI+18SrRNA tree of Talitrida based on available sequences. Node values correspond to the estimated divergence time of Hyachelia. Red bars show the 95% highest posterior density. Bootstraps and posterior probability values are represented above branches for the Talitrida, Hyachelia, H. lowryi and H. tortugae. Red horizontal bars correspond to the 95% highest posterior density intervals (HPD). The gray vertical bar corresponds to Chelonioidea radiation according to Kear and Lee (2006).