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Figure 5 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 5. Left quadratojugal of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations: djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 4 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations: g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 3 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 3. Outline reconstruction of Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus, with recovered elements indicated. Scale bar is 1 m.

Figure 19 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views. Abbreviations: clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 13 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. Abbreviations: ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bar is 10 cm.

Figure 1 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 1. Geographic location of the locality FTU-1 within Kyrgyzstan (A, B) and general geological map of the area around the city of Tashkumyr (C).

Figure 2. Excavation site FTU-1. A in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 2. Excavation site FTU-1. A, position of the site within the Uurusai Valley west of Tashkumyr (red arrow). B, overview of the site, with one of the authors (A.E.F.) for scale. C, section of the excavation site. Black line indicates approximate dip of the sediments. D, quadratojugal of the new theropod as discovered in the field. E, metatarsal III of the new theropod during the excavation.

Figure 8 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view. B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations: D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra. Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C).

Figure 16 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views. Abbreviations: IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm.

Figure 23 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three 'generations', direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right. C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours. The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. Abbreviations: Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth. Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres.

Figure 27. Biogeographic reconstructions for selected clades, resulting from the S in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 27. Biogeographic reconstructions for selected clades, resulting from the S-DIVA analysis. Legend: A, north-eastern Europe; B, southern South America; C, North America; D, northern Africa; E, north-eastern Asia; F, south-western Europe; G, Central Asia; H, Australia; I, Antarctica; J, South-East Asia; L, Central South America. For further details on these regions see the Material and methods section. For full results of the S-DIVA analysis see Fig. S7 in the Supporting information.

Figure 25 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 25. Phylogenetic position of A. kyrgyzicus. Simplified reduced consensus tree resulting from the equally weighted parsimony analysis. For full results see Supporting information, Fig. S2.

Figure 10 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 10. Right partial dorsal rib of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-16, in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views. Scale bar is 5 cm.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

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Data from: A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings

The wings of birds and their closest theropod relatives share a uniform fundamental architecture, with pinnate flight feathers as the key component. Here we report a new scansoriopterygid theropod, Yi qi gen. et sp. nov., based on a new specimen from the Middle–Upper Jurassic period Tiaojishan Formation of Hebei Province, China. Yi is nested phylogenetically among winged theropods but has large stiff filamentous feathers of an unusual type on both the forelimb and hindlimb. However, the filamentous feathers of Yi resemble pinnate feathers in bearing morphologically diverse melanosomes5. Most surprisingly, Yi has a long rod-like bone extending from each wrist, and patches of membranous tissue preserved between the rod-like bones and the manual digits. Analogous features are unknown in any dinosaur but occur in various flying and gliding tetrapods, suggesting the intriguing possibility that Yi had membranous aerodynamic surfaces totally different from the archetypal feathered wings of birds and their closest relatives. Documentation of the unique forelimbs of Yi greatly increases the morphological disparity known to exist among dinosaurs, and highlights the extraordinary breadth and richness of the evolutionary experimentation that took place close to the origin of birds.

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Data from: Taxonomic identification bias does not drive patterns of abundance and diversity in theropod dinosaurs

<p>The ability of palaeontologists to correctly diagnose and classify new fossil species from incomplete morphological data is fundamental to our understanding of evolution. Different parts of the vertebrate skeleton have different likelihoods of fossil preservation and varying amounts of taxonomic information, which could bias our interpretations of fossil material. Substantial previous research has focused on the diversity and macroevolution of non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Theropods provide a rich dataset for analysis of the interactions between taxonomic diagnosability and fossil preservation. We use specimen data and formal taxonomic diagnoses to create a new metric, the Likelihood of Diagnosis (LoD), which quantifies the diagnostic likelihood of fossil species in relation to bone preservation potential. We use this to assess whether a taxonomic identification bias impacts the non-avian theropod fossil record. We find the patterns of differential species abundance and clade diversity are not a consequence of their relative diagnosability. Although there are other factors that bias the theropod fossil record, our results suggest patterns of relative abundance and diversity for theropods might be more representative of Mesozoic ecology than often considered.</p>

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

FIGURE A7 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A7. Strict consensus cladogram of 10 most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of dentition based characters, with each nodes numbered (see the list of synapomorphies for each clades below). Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a data matrix comprising 141 dentition-based characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor lunensis) and 59 nonavian theropod taxa. Tree length = 681 steps; CI = 0.338; RI = 0.56.

FIGURE 7 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 7. Plots of MAVG versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 19 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 20 denticles were considered.

FIGURE 4 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 4. Isolated tooth (ML 966) of an Abelisauridae in lingual (A), mesial (B), labial (C), distal (D), apical (F), basal (G) and linguo-distal (H) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in lingual view (E, I). Abbreviations: dca, distal carina; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; idsp, interdenticular space; lgr, longitudinal groove; mca, mesial carina; mun, marginal undulation; tun, transversal undulation.

FIGURE 3 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 3. Isolated tooth (ML 327) of an Abelisauridae in lingual (A), mesial (B), labial (C), distal (D), apical (F), basal (G) and mesio-lingual (H) and labio-distal views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: dca, distal carina; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; idsp, interdenticular space; lgr, longitudinal groove; mca, mesial carina; tun, transversal undulation; wfa, wear facet.

FIGURE 1 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 1. Strict consensus cladogram of seven most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of dentition based characters. Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a data matrix comprising 141 dentition-based characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 59 nonavian theropod taxa, as well as ML 327, ML 939, ML 962 and ML 966. Tree length = 703 steps; CI = 0.331; RI = 0.564. Bremer support values are in bold and bootstrap values are in italic. For silhouette attribution, see Appendix.