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FIGURE 6 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 6. Ligament and larval shell of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P1, prodissoconch 1; P2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm.

FIGURE 12 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5-µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A−C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A—Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, "catch" component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, "quick" component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber ("stomach"); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275/1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G.B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming's original label with the locality ("Isle of Negros") glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIGURE 4. Isognomon pearls. A—Free pearl from I. spathulatus, diameter 0.4 in Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand

FIGURE 4. Isognomon pearls. A—Free pearl from I. spathulatus, diameter 0.4 mm; B— Pair of free pears from I. ephippium, diameters 0.4 and 0.9 mm; C—The same pearls (indicated by arrows) as in B embedded in soft tissue proximal to hinge.

FIGURE 8 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 8. Semeloidea (s. l.) bexhavenensis sp. nov. A. Specimen L4665. Scale bar is 3 mm. A1. Dorsal view. A2. Lateral view of left valve. A3. Anterior view. A4. Lateral view of right valve. B. Specimen L4666 (holotype). Scale bar is 3 mm. B1. Lateral view of right valve. B2. Dorsal view. B3. Lateral view of left valve. B4. Anterior view. C. Shell fragment from anteroventral portion of left valve of specimen L4666, showing corrugated nature. Scale bar is 1 mm. C1. Internal surface. C2. External surface. C3. View from the shell edge.

FIGURE 7 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 7. cf. Pliocardia sp. from Puketawa, specimen TM2939. Scale bar is 7 mm. 1. Anterior view. 2. Lateral view of left valve. 3. Lateral view of right valve. 4. Dorsal view.

FIGURE 5 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 5 Non-seep-typical bivalves found at Miocene New Zealand hydrocarbon seeps. A–B. cf. Pulvinites sp. from Moonlight North. Scale bar is 10 mm. A. Specimen L4650. A1. External view of shell. A2. Internal view of shell. B. Specimen L4651. B1. Internal view of shell. B2. Lateral view, showing thin laminae. C. Image of modern Pulvinites exempla (Hedley, 1914) for comparison. Specimen M.281853, NMNZ (photography by K.P.S.). C1. External view of shell. C2. Lateral view, showing thin laminae. C3. Internal view of shell. D. Acesta cf. saginata Marshall, 2001. Specimen L4652 from Rocky Knob. Scale bar is 10 mm. D1. Lateral view of right valve. D2. Anterior view. D3. Dorsal view. E. Parvamussium cf. maorium Dell, 1956. Scale bar is 2 mm. E1. Specimen TM9421 from Moonlight North, anteroventral portion absent. Lateral view of right valve. E2. Image of modern Parvamussium maorium Dell, 1956 for comparison. Specimen M.138360, NMNZ (photography by K.P.S.).

FIGURE 4 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 4. Gigantidas coseli Saether, Little, Campbell, Marshall, Collins & Alfaro, 2010, specimen L4203 (holotype), from Moonlight North, showing new details of the anterior adductor scar. A. Original photograph of anterior half of left valve. B. Anterior adductor scar highlighted.

FIGURE 2 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 2. Chart comparing approximate ages of northern and southern New Zealand fossil hydrocarbon seep deposits. The individual localities are ordered north to south, from left to right. Aq, Aquitanian; Bu, Burdigalian; BX, Bexhaven; Ch, Chattian; E, early; HA, Haunui; Int, international chronostratigraphic chart age; KK, Karikarihuata; L, Late; La, Langhian; Lw, Waitakian; M, middle; Ma, million years; Me, Messinian; MN, Moonlight North; N, north; NG, Ngawaka; NZ, New Zealand stage; PK, Puketawa; Pl, Altonian; Po, Otaian; RK, Rocky Knob; S, south; Sc, Clifdenian; Se, Serravallian; Sl, Lillburnian; Sw, Waiauan; TH, Turihaua; Tk, Kapitean; To, Tortonian; TT, Totaranui; Tt, Tongaporutuan; TW, Tauwhareparae; UH, Ugly Hill; WA, Wanstead; WP, Waipiro.

FIGURE 3 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 3. Bivalves of uncertain sub-familial identity. A. Small (?juvenile) protobranch bivalve from Bexhaven. Specimen L4646. Internal mould showing taxodont dentition typical of this group. Scale bar is 0.5 mm. B. Solemyidae gen. indet. Specimen L4649 from Moonlight North. Scale bar is 5 mm. B1. Lateral view of right valve. B2. Lateral view of right valve, faint radial striations highlighted. B3. Lateral view of left valve. B4. Dorsal view.

FIGURE 1 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 1. Overview of the geological setting in which deposits of this study are found. A. Map showing the locations of Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) arc volcanoes and the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. HSZ, Hikurangi subduction zone; M, Marlborough. B. Locations of the Miocene hydrocarbon seep fossil deposits. 1–11. Sites of the northern province. 1. Waiapu. 2. Waipiro. 3. Karikarihuata. 4. Bexhaven. 5. Tauwhareparae. 6. Puketawa. 7. Totaranui. 8. Moonlight North. 9. Rocky Knob. 10. Waikairo. 11. Turihaua. 12–16. Sites of the southern province. 12. Wanstead. 13. Ugly Hill. 14. Haunui. 15. Ngawaka. 16. Wilder. Waiapu, Waikairo and Wilder do not contain macrofossils, but bivalve specimens for this study were collected from all the other sites. Also shown are some of the modern offshore hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent sites on the Hikurangi margin. C. Cross section of the East Coast Basin showing the transpressive subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate. Image modified from Campbell et al. (2008) and Barnes et al. (2010).

FIGURE 6 in New records and a new species of bivalve (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand

FIGURE 6. Pratulum quinarium (Marwick, 1944) from Moonlight North and Tauwhareparae. A. Specimen L4653 from Moonlight North. Scale bar is 1 mm. A1. Dorsal view. A2. Anterior view. A3. Lateral view of right valve. A4. Lateral view of right valve, muscle scars highlighted. A5. Lateral view of left valve. B. Specimen L4664 from Tauwhareparae. Scale bar is 3 mm. B1. Posterior view. B2. Lateral view of left valve. B3. Ventral view. B4. Anterior view. B5. Lateral view of right valve. B6. Dorsal view.

FIGS. 164–169. Dianadema mascarenensis n in Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues lagoon

FIGS. 164–169. Dianadema mascarenensis n. sp. (164, 165) Holotype, NMW.Z.2000.086.00020 (MontageTM). (166–169) Paratype from Mauritius, NMW.Z.2000.086.00022 (MontageTM).

FIGS. 158–163 in Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues lagoon

FIGS. 158–163. (158–160) Thracia arientoma n. sp., NMW.Z.2000.086.00015 (SEM): (158) external right valve; (159, 160) sculpture. (161–163) Thracia kowiensis, NMW.Z.1955.158.815 (SEM): (161) external right valve; (162, 163) sculpture.

FIGS. 145–147. Coralliophaga coralliophaga, NMW.Z.2001.061.00042 in Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues lagoon

FIGS. 145–147. Coralliophaga coralliophaga, NMW.Z.2001.061.00042: (145, 146) external right valves (MontageTM); (147) hinge view, left valve (SEM).

FIGS. 130–134 in Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues lagoon

FIGS. 130–134. (130, 131) Centrocardita pileolata n. sp., holotype, NMW.Z.2001.061.00039 (SEM): (130) internal right valve showing brood area; (131) close-up of embryo. (132, 133) Cardita variegata, NMW.Z.2000.086.0003 (SEM): (132) internal right valve; (133) hinge view. (134) Centrocardita pileolata, holotype, hinge view (SEM).

FIGS. 141–144. Rochefortina sandwichensis, NMW.Z.2001.061.00041 in Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues lagoon

FIGS. 141–144. Rochefortina sandwichensis, NMW.Z.2001.061.00041: (141) external right valve (MontageTM); (142) external right valve (SEM); (143) prodissoconch view (SEM); (144) sculpture (SEM).

FIGS. 118–123 in Cryptic bivalves with descriptions of new species from the Rodrigues lagoon

FIGS. 118–123. (118–121) Basterotia sp., NMW.Z.2001.061.00038: (118, 119) external and internal of left valve (MontageTM); (120) internal left valve (SEM); (121) hinge view, left valve. (122, 123) Basterotia borbonica, NMW.2000.086.00032 (SEM): (122) external left valve; (123) hinge view, left valve.