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AnisoVeg: Anisotropy and Nadir-normalized MODIS MAIAC datasets for satellite vegetation studies in South America
<p><strong>Dataset paper under review.</strong></p> <p><strong>Contact Ricardo Dalagnol (ricds@hotmail.com) for more information.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data:</strong> AnisoVeg: Anisotropy and Nadir-normalized MODIS MAIAC datasets for satellite vegetation studies in South America</p> <p><strong>Scale factor</strong>: 10000</p> <p><em>obs: the no_samples layer does not have scale.</em></p> <p><strong>Coverage:</strong> South America land</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> 2000 to 2021 (starting in March 2000)</p> <p><strong>Spatial resolution:</strong> 0.009107388 degree equivalent to ~1 km</p> <p><strong>Temporal resolution:</strong> Monthly</p> <p><strong>Coordinate reference system:</strong> geographic projection, datum WGS-84</p> <p><strong>Processing details summary (more detailed explanation in the paper):</strong></p> <ul> <li>The original MODIS (MAIAC) data were described by Lyasputin et al. 2011 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014986">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014986</a>). The daily MODIS (MAIAC) surface reflectance data from collection 6, acquired from Terra and Aqua satellites, are available from the MCD19A1 product (<a href="https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/archive/allData/6/MCD19A1">https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/archive/allData/6/MCD19A1</a>). The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model parameters are available from MCD19A3 product (<a href="https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/archive/allData/6/MCD19A3">https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/archive/allData/6/MCD19A3</a>)</li> <li>The daily MCD19A1 data at 1 km spatial resolution were normalized using the BRDF parameters and Ross-Thick Li-Sparse (RTLS) model considering (1) a fixed nadir view and a 45 deg. solar zenith angle using the parameters from the MCD19A3 product; and (2) backward and forward scattering. For the nadir (NAD) product, the nadir normalization was taken. For the anisotropy (ANI) product, we calculated the backward minus forward surfaces for each layer, resulting in the ANI product.</li> <li>The daily data were aggregated into monthly composites by the pixel’s median.</li> <li>The tiles that cover the South America were mosaicked and re-projected from sinusoidal to geographic projection</li> <li>The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were calculated using standard formulas. The EVI parameters were: C1 = 6, C2 = 7.5, L = 1, G = 2.5</li> </ul> <p><strong>File(s) format:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Zip files - one per year. NAD are the nadir-normalized products and ANI the anisotropy. Inside zip files there are raster files with ".tif" format, one per month window.</li> <li>The filename syntax is "maiac_southamerica_month_PRODUCT_YYYY_MM_LAYER_latlon.tif", where YYYY is the year (e.g. 2000), MM is the month with two digits (e.g. 03 for March), PRODUCT is either nadir or anisotropy, and LAYER can be bands 1-8, EVI and NDVI.</li> <li>There is also the number of samples (no_samples) layers for each date, which can be used to filter composites with a minimum desirable number of daily observations. </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/ricds/maiac_processing">https://github.com/ricds/maiac_processing</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements:</strong> R.D. was supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grants 2015/22987-7 and 2019/21662-8. FHW was supported by FAPESP grant 2015/50484-0. Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, including the decision to publish or prepare the manuscript. We thank the MODIS MAIAC team from NASA for providing the freely available MODIS (MAIAC) daily dataset.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Auxiliary data of AnisoVeg:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Backscattering data of AnisoVeg: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6040299">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6040299</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6040790">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6040790</a></li> <li>Forward scattering data of AnisoVeg: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6048784">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6048784</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6048793">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6048793</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Layers available at Google Earth Engine (GEE):</strong></p> <ul> <li>EVI Anisotropy: <a href="https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=projects/anisoveg/assets/evi_anisotropy">https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=projects/anisoveg/assets/evi_anisotropy</a></li> <li>EVI Nadir: <a href="https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=projects/anisoveg/assets/evi_nadir">https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=projects/anisoveg/assets/evi_nadir</a></li> </ul> <p>Obs: these require a (free) google earth engine account.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Dataset usage</strong>: This dataset is a product of hundreds of hours of coding starting in 2016 with the first author PhD work and then into his Postdoc, and many more hundreds hours of data processing. Data is free to use, but if you use this dataset, please cite the dataset paper or this repository (while paper is under review). Invitation for collaboration are welcomed.</p> <ul> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>While the paper is under review, for use of this dataset please cite:</strong></p> <p>Dalagnol, Ricardo; Galvão, Lênio Soares; Wagner, Fabien Hubert; Moura, Yhasmin Mendes; Gonçalves, Nathan; Wang, Yujie; Lyapustin, Alexei; Yang, Yan; Saatchi, Sassan; Aragão, Luiz Eduardo Oliveira e Cruz. (2022). "AnisoVeg: Anisotropy and Nadir-normalized MODIS MAIAC datasets for satellite vegetation studies in South America". (Version v1) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878879</p>
CCG Starter Kits - Base SAND file for South America- Coal and Natural Gas Scenario
<p>This file is the Base SAND file for South America with coal and natural gas.</p> <p>This is published as part of the MethodsX paper titled <strong>How to put together a Starter Data Kit from scratch? An extensive methodology to compile zero-order energy transition models. </strong>The main goal of the files published for this paper is to develop a set of credible data and an initial investment model for several developing countries.</p>
CCG Starter Kits - Base SAND file for South America
<p>This file is the Base SAND file for South America.</p> <p>This is published as part of the MethodsX paper titled <strong>How to put together a Starter Data Kit from scratch? An extensive methodology to compile zero-order energy transition models. </strong>The main goal of the files published for this paper is to develop a set of credible data and an initial investment model for several developing countries.</p>
Synthesis of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in South America: amphibian species under risk and areas to focus research and disease mitigation
<p>Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been recognized as the infectious disease causing the most catastrophic loss of biodiversity known to science, with South America being the most impacted region. We tested whether Bd prevalence is distributed among host taxonomy, ecoregion, conservation status and habitat preference in South America. Here we provide a synthesis on the extent of Bd infection across South America based on 21,648 molecular diagnostic assays, roles of certain species in the epidemiology of Bd and explore its association with the reported amphibian catastrophic declines in the region. We show that Bd is widespread, with a continental prevalence of 23.2%. Its occurrence in the region shows a phylogenetic signal and the probability of infection is determined by ecoregion, preferred habitat, and extinction risk hosts' traits. The taxa exhibiting highest Bd occurrence, were mostly aquatic amphibians, including Ranidae, Telmatobiidae, Hylodidae, Calyptocephalellidae and Pipidae. Surprisingly, families exhibiting unusually low Bd prevalence included species in which lethal chytridiomycosis and population declines have been described (genus Atelopus, Rhinoderma and Eleutherodactylus). Higher than expected prevalence of Bd occurred mainly in amphibians living associated with mountain environments in the Andes and Atlantic forests, reflecting highly favourable Bd habitats in these areas. Invasive amphibian species (e.g. Lithobates catesbeianus and Xenopus laevis) exhibited high Bd prevalence, as thus we suggest using these as sentinels to understand their potential role as reservoirs, vectors or spreaders of Bd that can be subjected to management. Our results guide on the prioritization of conservation actions to prevent further biodiversity loss due to chytridiomycosis in the world's most amphibian diverse region.</p>
Early stages of speciation with gene flow in the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilis amazilia) subspecies complex of Western South America
<p>Disentangling the factors underlying the diversification of geographically variable species with a wide geographical range is essential to understanding the initial stages and drivers of the speciation process. The Amazilia Hummingbird, <em>Amazilis amazilia</em>, is found along the Pacific coast from northern Ecuador down to the Nazca Valley of Peru, and is currently classified as six phenotypically differentiated subspecies. Our aims were to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the six subspecies, to assess the geographical pattern and extent of evolutionary divergence, and to test for introgression using both a mtDNA marker and a genome-by-sequencing dataset from 86 individuals from across the species range. The consensus phylogenetic tree separated the six subspecies into three distinct clades, corresponding with the Ecuador lowlands (<em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>), the Ecuador highlands (<em>A. amazilia alticola</em> and <em>A. amazilia azuay</em>), and the Peruvian coast (<em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, <em>A. amazilia amazilia</em>, and <em>A. amazilia caeruleigularis</em>). However, an unresolved mtDNA network suggests that the diversification of the subspecies was recent and rapid. We found evidence of gene flow among the subspecies <em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>, <em>A. amazilia alticola</em>, and <em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, with strong genetic isolation of the subspecies <em>A. amazilia azuay</em> in the isolated Yunguilla Valley of Ecuador. Finally, environmental data from each subspecies' capture locations were concordant with the three distinct clades. Overall, our results suggest that both expansion into new habitats and geographic isolation shaped the present-day phylogeny and range of the <em>A. amazilia</em> subspecies, and that <em>A. amazilia azuay </em>may be genetically divergent enough to be considered a separate species.</p>
Fig. 15 in The genus Milnesium (Eutardigrada, Apochela, Milnesiidae) in Argentina: description of three new species and key to the species of South America
Fig. 15. Semi-schematic drawing of pseudoplate configuration in Milnesium irenae sp. nov.
Atlas of Depth-Duration-Frequency Relationships for Extreme Precipitation in South America and Africa
<p>A continental-scale parameterization of a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN) was used to determine depth-duration-frequency relationships with coverage of Africa and South America.</p>
Figure 3 in A new species of Zethus (Zethoides) Fox, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) from South America
Figure 3. Diagnostic characters for differentiating Zethus latipetiolatus Lopes, sp. nov. (A, C, E, G, I) from Z. lunaris Zavattari. 1912 (B, D, F, H, J). (A, B) Zoom of vertex and occiput of head, lateral view; arrow indicates occipital carina. (C, D) Lateral view of the apex of male flagellum. (E, F) Oblique view of the apex of the clypeus (cl) and mandibles; arrow indicates mandibular incision. (G, H) Zoom of lateral portion of mesoscutum adjacent to tegula (tg); arrow indicates discoid puncture. (I, J) Lateral view of propodeal apex; arrow indicates apical propodeal lamella. Scales: 0,5 mm.
Figure 2 in A new species of Zethus (Zethoides) Fox, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) from South America
Figure 2. Petioles of Zethus latipetiolatus Lopes,sp. nov. (A, B) and Z. lunaris cooperi Bohart & Stange,1965 (C, D) in profile (A, C) and dorsal view (B, D). Scales:1,0 mm.
Figure 1 in A new species of Zethus (Zethoides) Fox, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) from South America
Figure 1. Male (A, B) and female (C, D) of Zethus latipetiolatus Lopes, sp. nov. and synapomorphic characters for the Z. biglumis species group (E, F). (A, C) Lateral habitus. (B, D) Head, frontal view. (E) Discoid puncturestanding on tubercle. (F) Tegula posteriorly bowed. Scales: (A, C) 5,0 mm; (B, D) 1,0 mm; (E, F) 0,5 mm.
Vascular Epiphytes of the South America Dry Diagonal (SADD)
<p>Dataset from the paper: Vascular Epiphytes of the South America Dry Diagonal: Characterizing Their Occurrence and Richness in this Neglected Region</p>
Figure 9 Tanytydeus nothofagi n in First record of the genus Tanytydeus (Acari: Paratydeidae) from South America with description of a new species from the Patagonian forests of Argentina
Figure 9 Tanytydeus nothofagi n.sp., deutonymph A – venter; B – dorsum; C – legs.
Figure 10 Tanytydeus nothofagi n in First record of the genus Tanytydeus (Acari: Paratydeidae) from South America with description of a new species from the Patagonian forests of Argentina
Figure 10 Tanytydeus nothofagi n.sp., tritonymph A – venter; B – dorsum; C – legs.
Figure 4 Micrograph ofTanytydeus nothofagi n in First record of the genus Tanytydeus (Acari: Paratydeidae) from South America with description of a new species from the Patagonian forests of Argentina
Figure 4 Micrograph ofTanytydeus nothofagi n. sp., male dorsal view.
Figure 2 Tanytydeus nothofagi n in First record of the genus Tanytydeus (Acari: Paratydeidae) from South America with description of a new species from the Patagonian forests of Argentina
Figure 2 Tanytydeus nothofagi n.sp., female. A – venter; B – dorsum; C – genital region.
Figure 8 Tanytydeus nothofagi n in First record of the genus Tanytydeus (Acari: Paratydeidae) from South America with description of a new species from the Patagonian forests of Argentina
Figure 8 Tanytydeus nothofagi n.sp., protonymph A – venter; B – dorsum; C – legs.
Figure 5 Tanytydeus nothofagi n in First record of the genus Tanytydeus (Acari: Paratydeidae) from South America with description of a new species from the Patagonian forests of Argentina
Figure 5 Tanytydeus nothofagi n.sp., male. A – venter; B – dorsum; C – genital region.
Figure 7 Tanytydeus nothofagi n in First record of the genus Tanytydeus (Acari: Paratydeidae) from South America with description of a new species from the Patagonian forests of Argentina
Figure 7 Tanytydeus nothofagi n.sp., larva. A – venter; B – dorsal; C – Legs.
Fig. 2 in Psammophaga fuegia sp. nov., a New Monothalamid Foraminifera from the Beagle Channel, South America
Fig. 2. Holotype of Psammophaga fuegia from Bahia Romanche. Scale bar: 500 µm.
Fig. 1 in Invasion of the Indo-Pacific blenny Omobranchus punctatus (Perciformes: Blenniidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Central and South America
Fig. 1. Omobranchus punctatus in natural habitat (tide pools) in Brazil. Photos by J. Nunes.
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