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Fig. 2. A in Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of Diplodiscus japonicus and Diplodiscus mehari (Trematoda: Diplodiscidae): Comparison with the members of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea and phylogenetic implication

Fig. 2. A + T content and nucleotide skew of genes, individual elements, and the complete mitogenome of 11 Paramphistomoidea trematodes.

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Fig. 6 in Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of Diplodiscus japonicus and Diplodiscus mehari (Trematoda: Diplodiscidae): Comparison with the members of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea and phylogenetic implication

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of Diplodiscus japonicus and Diplodiscus mehari with other 30 representative Digenea trematodes based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein coding genes analyzed by maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) using Gyrodactylus salaris as the outgroup. Statistical support values (Bootstrap/posterior probability) of ML/BI analysis are shown above the nodes. Circles indicate ML/BI = 100/1.0, other values are given above the nodes. Suborders and families are highlighted by individual colors. Accession numbers are given for each species at the end of each sequence. The scale bar corresponds to the estimated number of substitutions per site. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 3 in Opening a can of lungworms: Molecular characterization of Dictyocaulus (Nematoda: Dictyocaulidae) infecting North American bison (Bison bison)

Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood analysis of cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (cox1) sequence data of Dictyocaulus spp. Analysis was run with TN93 + G as best nucleotide substitution model and 1,000 bootstraps. Angiostrongylus vasorum = outgroup.

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Fig. 1 in Opening a can of lungworms: Molecular characterization of Dictyocaulus (Nematoda: Dictyocaulidae) infecting North American bison (Bison bison)

Fig. 1. Sites of bison fecal collections; WHH: White Horse Hill National Game Preserve; RMA: Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge; NBR: National Bison Range; NSM: Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge; WMW: Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge.

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Fig. 2 in Opening a can of lungworms: Molecular characterization of Dictyocaulus (Nematoda: Dictyocaulidae) infecting North American bison (Bison bison)

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence data of Dictyocaulus spp. Analysis was run with T92 as best nucleotide substitution model and 1,000 bootstraps. Angiostrongylus vasorum = outgroup.

Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization of Dipetalonema yatesi from the black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) with phylogenetic inference of relationships among Dipetalonema of Neotropical primates

Fig. 1. Macroscopic observation of Dipetalonema yatesi on the capsule of the left kidney (A) and on the parietal peritoneum (B) at the post-mortem examination of a black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek).

Fig. 1 in Surveillance and genotype characterization of zoonotic trypanosomatidae in Didelphis marsupialis in two endemic sites of rural Panama

Fig. 1. Map showing the communities of Las Pavas (LP) (top set of images) and Trinidad de Las Minas (TM) (bottom set of images) with the number of opossums captured and infected with T. cruzi in the 3 collection sites in each community. A. Map with the geographic location of the LP and TM communities in the country of Panama. Satellite view of the P: Peridomicile (B), R1: remnant 1 (C) and R2: remnant 2 (D) collection site each with its 4 transects in the LP community. Satellite view of the P: Peridomicile (E), R1: remnant 1 (F) and R2: remnant 2 (G) collection site each with its 4 transects in the TM community.

Fig. 2 in Molecular characterization of Dipetalonema yatesi from the black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) with phylogenetic inference of relationships among Dipetalonema of Neotropical primates

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Dipetalonema spp. infecting non-human primates (i.e., Ateles spp., Cebus spp., Lagothrix poeppigii, and Saimiri sciureus) using a concatenated dataset of 1615 base pairs including the 18S of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, 12S of the ribosomal RNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of the mitochondrial DNA. The taxa Acanthocheilonema viteae, Litomosoides sigmodontis, and Wuchereria bancrofti were used as outgroups. At each branch, the nodal support is represented by the maximum likelihood percentage above and the Bayesian posterior probability below (the hyphen indicates when support is missing).

Fig. 3 in Molecular characterization of Dipetalonema yatesi from the black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) with phylogenetic inference of relationships among Dipetalonema of Neotropical primates

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Dipetalonema using a dataset of 586 base pairs including the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of the mitochondrial DNA. The black silhouettes of the monkey, tamarin, and camelid indicate the hosts from which the filarioid nematodes were isolated. The taxa Acanthocheilonema viteae, Litomosoides sigmodontis, and Wuchereria bancrofti were used as outgroups. At each branch, the nodal support is represented by the maximum likelihood percentage above and the Bayesian posterior probability below.

Fig. 3 in Characterization of the mitochondrial genome of Tetrameres grusi and insights into the phylogeny of Spirurina

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Tetrameres grusi with other 24 Spirurina species based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs analyzed by BI and ML using Bunostomum phlebotomum as outgroup. Posterior probability values are indicated.

Fig. 2 in Characterization of the mitochondrial genome of Tetrameres grusi and insights into the phylogeny of Spirurina

Fig. 2. Mitogenome arrangement in Tetrameres grusi compared with those in Spirurina nematodes. The circular mitogenomes were linearized at the 5′ end of cox1 gene for illustration purpose. Non-coding regions were not shown. Triangular markers of the same color represent the corresponding duplicated genes. The purple frames represent the duplicated gene fragments.

Fig. 4 in Molecular characterization of the parasitic nematode genus Crassicauda; larvae parasitic on the firefly squid and adults on beaked whales off the coast of Japan

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis identified the specimens stored at the National Museum of Nature and Science (9 samples; 2005–2021), based on the ribosomal DNA ITS2 region, and supported by Bayesian inference (BI) tree. Analysis was performed by MrBayes 3.2.7a for BI and MEGA11 using both the neighbor joining (NJ) amd the maximum likelihood method (ML) (1000 bootstrap replicates) and the tree was rooted on midpoint. The sample ID sequenced in this study are listed with the species name. Branches with posterior probability and bootstrap values (BI/ NJ/ML) support lower than 0.5 or 50% were collapsed, respectively. *Sequences obtained in this study. The whale illustration: © National Museum of Nature and Science.

Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization of the parasitic nematode genus Crassicauda; larvae parasitic on the firefly squid and adults on beaked whales off the coast of Japan

Fig. 1. Loca lity of the stranded beaked whales and firefly squids which the Crassicauda spp. recovered. The whale illustration: © National Museum of Nature and Science.

Fig. 1 in Characterization of the mitochondrial genome of Tetrameres grusi and insights into the phylogeny of Spirurina

Fig. 1. Gene map of the mitogenome of Tetrameres grusi. PCGs are colour-coded (cox: lavender; nad: yellow; atp: green; cyt: purple); rRNAs are in red; tRNAs are in dark blue. Abbreviations of PCGs are: atp6 for ATP synthase subunits 6, cox1–3 for cytochrome oxidase subunits 1–3, cytb for cytochrome b, nad1–6 and nad4L for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1–6 and 4L, rrnL and rrnS for large and small rRNA subunits, 22 tRNAs are designated by the one-letter code for the corresponding amino acid, with numerals differentiating each of the two leucine and serine-specifying tRNAs (L1 and L2 for codon families CUN and UUR, respectively; S1 and S2 for codon families UCN and AGN, respectively), NCR refers to Noncoding region. All genes are transcribed in the clockwise direction.

Fig. 5 in Molecular characterization of the parasitic nematode genus Crassicauda; larvae parasitic on the firefly squid and adults on beaked whales off the coast of Japan

Fig. 5. Relationship between whale habitat and infected Crassicauda spp. The whale illustration: © National Museum of Nature and Science.

Fig. 3 in Molecular characterization of the parasitic nematode genus Crassicauda; larvae parasitic on the firefly squid and adults on beaked whales off the coast of Japan

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic analysis identified the specimens stored at the National Museum of Nature and Science (12 samples; 2005–2021), based on the cox1 gene, and supported by Bayesian inference (BI) tree. Analysis was performed by MrBayes 3.2.7a for BI and MEGA11 using both the neighbor joining (NJ) amd the maximum likelihood method (ML) (1000 bootstrap replicates) and included Habronema muscae as outgroup. GenBank accession numbers are listed along the species names. Branches with posterior probability and bootstrap values (BI/NJ/ML) support lower than 0.5 or 50% were collapsed, respectively. *Sequences obtained in this study. The whale illustration: © National Museum of Nature and Science.

Fig. 1 in Genetic characterization of Strongyloides fuelleborni infecting free-roaming African vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts

Fig. 1. Schematic of the Strongyloides genotyping scheme referenced here Graphical representation a Strongyloides sp. genotyping scheme after the description of Barratt et al. (Barratt et al., 2019a; Barratt and Sapp, 2020). This scheme was expanded here to include haplotypes XVI and XVII of 18S HVR-I (indicated by a star) identified here from feral vervet monkeys living on the island of St Kitts (GenBank accessions in Table 3). Haplotype names shown in blue belong to S. fuelleborni and those shown in black belong to other Strongyloides species in accordance with this typing scheme. Haplotype sequences are provided in File S1. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Genetic characterization of Strongyloides fuelleborni infecting free-roaming African vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts

Fig. 3. Neighbor-Joining tree generated from St Kitts S. fuelleborni genotypes and other Strongyloides types This tree was generated by applying the Neighbor-Joining clustering method (Saitou and Nei, 1987) to a pairwise distance matrix computed using Barratt's heuristic from 285 Strongyloides genotypes, including 48 from St. Kitts vervets. Branches are colored according to their cluster membership (A through H) as defined by Ko et al. (2022). We also introduce S. fuelleborni type H (light pink) from St. Kitts vervets, noting that an H-type isolate was found previously in a human from Guinea-Bissau (pink triangle). Divergent S. fuelleborni types described by Ko et al. (2022) were also analyzed (bright green branches without a cluster letter) from Siamang, Douc, and Francois' langur housed in zoological parks in Japan. A version of this same tree with isolate names shown on the branch tips is provided in File S3; Tree B. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Genetic characterization of Strongyloides fuelleborni infecting free-roaming African vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts

Fig. 2. Hierarchical tree of clustered distances generated from genotyped S. fuelleborni from St Kitts vervets and other Strongyloides sp. genotypes This unrooted tree was generated using Wards method (Ward, 1963) to cluster a pairwise distance matrix computed from 285 Strongyloides genotypes, including 48 from St. Kitts vervets. Branches are colored according to their cluster membership (A through H). We introduce S. fuelleborni type H (pink star) identified from St. Kitts vervets, noting that an H-type isolate was found previously in a human from Guinea-Bissau. Colored peripheral bars reflect the host species from which isolates were derived; dog (Do), human (Hu), chimpanzee (Ch), lorises (Lo), long-tailed macaques (Lt), pig-tailed macaques (Pt), Japanese macaques (Jm), proboscis monkeys (Pr), silvered leaf monkeys (Sl), orangutans (Or), Rhesus macaques (Rh), St Kitts (white star) vervets (Ve), gorilla (Go), and baboon (Ba). Divergent S. fuelleborni types described by Ko et al. (2023) were also clustered (green circle and branches) from Siamang (Si), Douc (Do), and Francois' langur (Fr) housed in zoological parks in Japan. The black bar and black star indicate S. stercoralis reference strain PV001. Strongyloides stercoralis types A and B, are shown with red and blue branches respectively. The loris clade is shown in light blue. The S. stercoralis and loris clades clustered here for comparison are shaded in a gray background. A version of this same tree with isolate names shown on the branch tips is provided in File S3; Tree A. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)