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1,063 results for “fig wasp”
Fig. 30 in Catalogue of type specimens of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
Fig. 30. Paratypus of Orgilus oehlkei Taeger, 1989 (scale bar = 2.5 mm).
Fig. 21 in Catalogue of type specimens of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
Fig. 21. Holotype of Opius magnicauda Fischer, 1958 with its labels (scale bar = 2.5 mm).
Fig. 2 in Catalogue of type specimens of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
Fig. 2. Holotype of Phanerotoma bicolor Šnoflák, 1958 with its labels (scale bar = 2.5 mm).
Fig. 1 in Catalogue of type specimens of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
Fig. 1. Holotype of Triaspis algiricus Šnoflák, 1958 with its labels (scale bar = 2.5 mm).
Foundress number in Local ecological factors, not interference competition, drive the foundress number of two species of fig wasp sharing Ficus septica figs
<p><span>Recent studies have challenged assumptions about the classic fig-fig wasp pollination mutualism model, suggesting that further investigation into the receptive phase of fig development is needed. This study assessed the pollination mechanisms of <em>Ficus septica</em> in southern Taiwan and identified two species of wasps as the primary pollinators. Machine learning was used to identify and rank the factors that explain the relative abundance of these wasps. The two wasp species showed the highest level of cohabitation ever reported in the literature, with three-quarters of the figs containing multiple foundresses. The study also reported re-emerged foundresses and a 10% ratio of pollinated figs without foundresses. Local factors, such as the sampling period and tree identity, were the best predictors of the presence and number of each foundress species, with fig size also affecting the number of foundresses. The study highlights the variability in pollinator abundance between figs, crops, and trees. It also shows that the local environment of the trees and the availability of figs are crucial factors in determining which figs the pollinator wasps choose. These findings challenge assumptions about the classic mutualism model and suggest that long-term surveys are needed to estimate the relative contributions of each partner and provide data for evolutionary and ecological models. This study also provides valuable insights into the factors that affect the abundance and interactions of pollinator wasps during the receptive phase of fig development, with implications for understanding the behaviour of pollinating wasps and advancing our knowledge of population dynamics in <em>Ficus </em>species.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in Distributional range of the South African maritime spider-egg parasitoid wasp, Echthrodesis lamorali (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae)
Fig. 1. Lateral view of the habitus of a female Echthrodesis lamorali Masner specimen.
Field sampling and DNA-barcoding of fig pollinator wasps across host species and host developmental phase and on non-Ficus controls
<p><span>To better understand factors that might contribute to this observed range of specificity, we used sticky traps to capture fig-pollinating wasp individuals at 13 <em>Ficus</em> species, sampling at different stages of the reproductive cycle of the host figs (e.g. trees with receptive inflorescences, or vegetative trees, bearing only leaves). We also sampled at other tree species, using them as non-<em>Ficus</em> controls. DNA barcoding allowed us to identify the wasps to species, and therefore assign their presence and abundance to host fig species and the developmental stage of that individual tree. Here we upload the data and the R scripts used to analyze these data.</span></p>
Foundress number in local ecological factors, not interference competition, drive the foundress number of two species of fig wasp sharing Ficus septica figs
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Data from: Inflorescence size predicts host-symbiont conflict in monoecious fig-wasp mutualisms
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Field sampling and DNA-barcoding of fig pollinator wasps across host species and host developmental phase and on non-Ficus controls
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Data from: Low coverage genomic data resolve the population divergence and gene flow history of an Australian rain forest fig wasp
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Data from: An extreme case of plant-insect codiversification: figs and fig-pollinating wasps
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Contrasting patterns of fig wasp communities along Mt. Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea
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Data from: Genomic evidence of prevalent hybridization throughout the evolutionary history of the fig-wasp pollination mutualism
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FIGURES 1–8. Figs. 1–2. Ropalidia binghami, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Habitus. Figs. 3–4. Ropalidia parartifex, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Habitus. Figs. 5–6. Ropalidia sumatrae, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Habitus. Figs. 7–8. Ropalidia variegata, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2 in Additional knowledge respecting taxonomy of the social wasp genus Ropalidia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) from Vietnam, with new records of three species and an updated key to species
FIGURES 1–8. Figs. 1–2. Ropalidia binghami, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Habitus. Figs. 3–4. Ropalidia parartifex, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Habitus. Figs. 5–6. Ropalidia sumatrae, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Habitus. Figs. 7–8. Ropalidia variegata, female. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Habitus. Scale: 1mm
Figure 3 in Antennae and the role of olfaction and contact stimulation in mate recognition by males of the pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen gravelyi (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
Figure 3. Micrographs of the antennae and chemosensory sensilla of male Ceratosolen gravelyi. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of the head and antennae, showing an exposed area of the 2nd–3rd flagellomeres (F2–F3). (b) Scanning electron micrographs of an excised antenna, showing the scape (Sc), pedicel (Pe) and flagellum (F). (c) High magnification image of the terminal flagellomere (the 3rd flagellomere, F3) showing the three types of chemoreception sensilla: multiporous plate sensilla (MPS) and basiconic sensilla types 1 (BS-1) and 2 (BS-2). Note the terminal indentation (De) in the BS on the insets in the lower left corner. (d) Longitudinal section of a multiporous plate sensillum showing dendritic branches (DB) running parallel to the sensillar lymph (SL) and ending with cuticular pores (Po) at the sensillum surface. (e) Longitudinal section of the basal area of a basiconic sensilla type 1 inserted into a socket surrounded by a raised cuticular ring (CR). (f) Longitudinal section of the basal area of a basiconic sensilla type 2. (g–i) Cross-sections of a multiporous plate sensillum and basiconic sensilla types 1 and 2. The sensillar wall (SW) of BS-1 and BS-2 is non-porous at this level.
Data from: Lack of genetic isolation by distance, similar genetic structuring but different demographic histories in a fig-pollinating wasp mutualism
Historical abiotic factors such as climatic oscillations and extreme climatic events as well as biotic factors have shaped the structuring of species' genetic diversity. In obligate species-specific mutualisms, the biogeographic histories of the interacting species are tightly linked. This could be particularly true for nuclear genes in the Ficus-pollinating wasp mutualistic association as the insects disperse pollen from their natal tree. In this study we compare spatial genetic structure of plant and pollinator for the Ficus hirta-Valisia javana association throughout South-East China including Hainan Island, for both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. We show that dispersal of the insect leads to plant and insect presenting similar signatures of lack of genetic isolation by distance for nuclear genes on the continent over a distance of 1000 km. But we also show that the demographic histories of plant and insect are strikingly different. This is in agreement with extreme climatic events leading to transient regional extinctions of the insects, associated with local survival of the plants. We also evidence genetic differentiation for both wasps and fig-tree between the continent and Hainan Island, although the Qiongzhou Strait is only on average 30 km wide suggesting that geographic isolation by itself has not been sufficient to generate this differentiation. Hence, our results suggest that in highly dispersive mutualistic systems, isolation by dispersal limitation across a geographic barrier could be supplemented by isolation by adaptation, and maybe by coevolution, allowing further genetic divergence. In such systems, species may frequently be composed of a single population.
Data from: Contrasting genetic responses to population fragmentation in a coevolving fig and fig wasp across a mainland-island archipelago
Interacting species of pollinator–host systems, especially the obligate ones, are sensitive to habitat fragmentation, due to the nature of mutual dependence. Comparative studies of genetic structure can provide insights into how habitat fragmentation contributes to patterns of genetic divergence among populations of the interacting species. In this study, we used microsatellites to analyse genetic variation in Chinese populations of a typical mutualistic system – Ficus pumila and its obligate pollinator Wiebesia sp. 1 – in a naturally fragmented landscape. The plants and wasps showed discordant patterns of genetic variation and geographical divergence. There was no significant positive relationship in genetic diversity between the two species. Significant isolation-by-distance (IBD) patterns occurred across the populations of F. pumila and Wiebesia sp. 1 as whole, and IBD also occurred among island populations of the wasps, but not the plants. However, there was no significant positive relationship in genetic differentiation between them. The pollinator populations had significantly lower genetic variation in small habitat patches than in larger patches, and three island pollinator populations showed evidence of a recent bottleneck event. No effects of patch size or genetic bottlenecks were evident in the plant populations. Collectively, the results indicate that, in more fragmented habitats, the pollinators, but not the plants, have experienced reduced genetic variation. The contrasting patterns have multiple potential causes, including differences in longevity and hence number of generations experiencing fragmentation; different dispersal patterns, with the host's genes dispersed as seeds as well as a result of pollen dispersal via the pollinator; asymmetrical responses to fluctuations in partner populations; and co-existence of a rare second pollinating wasp on some islands. These results indicate that strongly interdependent species may respond in markedly different ways to habitat fragmentation.
Data from: Cryptic diversity in a fig wasp community – morphologically differentiated species are sympatric but cryptic species are allopatric
A key debate in ecology centres on the relative importance of niche and neutral processes in determining patterns of community assembly with particular focus on whether ecologically similar species with similar functional traits are able to coexist. Meanwhile, molecular studies are increasingly revealing morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species with presumably similar ecological roles. Determining the geographic distribution of such cryptic species provides opportunities to contrast predictions of niche versus neutral models. Discovery of sympatric cryptic species increases alpha diversity and supports neutral models, while documentation of allopatric/parapatric cryptic species increases beta diversity and supports niche models. We tested these predictions using morphological and molecular data, coupled with environmental niche modelling analyses, of a fig wasp community along its 2700 km latitudinal range. Molecular methods increased previous species diversity estimates from eight to eleven species, revealing morphologically cryptic species in each of the four wasp genera studied. Congeneric species pairs that were differentiated by a key morphological functional trait (ovipositor length) coexisted sympatrically over large areas. In contrast, morphologically similar species, with similar ovipositor lengths, typically showed parapatric ranges with very little overlap. Despite parapatric ranges, environmental niche models of cryptic congeneric pairs indicate large regions of potential sympatry, suggesting that competitive processes are important in determining the distributions of ecologically similar species. Niche processes appear to structure this insect community and cryptic diversity may typically contribute mostly to beta rather than alpha diversity.
Data from: Inferring processes of coevolutionary diversification in a community of Panamanian strangler figs and associated pollinating wasps
The fig and pollinator wasp obligate mutualism is diverse (~750 described species), ecologically important, and ancient (~80 Ma). Once thought to be an example of strict one-to-one cospeciation, current thinking suggests genera of pollinator wasps codiversify with corresponding sections of figs, but the degree to which cospeciation or other processes contribute to the association at finer scales is unclear. Here we use genome-wide sequence data from a community of Panamanian strangler figs and associated wasp pollinators to estimate the relative contributions of four evolutionary processes generating cophylogenetic patterns in this mutualism: cospeciation, host switching, pollinator speciation, and pollinator extinction. Using a model-based approach adapted from the study of gene family evolution, our results demonstrate the importance of host switching of pollinator wasps at this fine phylogenetic and regional scale. Although we estimate a modest amount of cospeciation, simulations reveal the number of putative cospeciation events to be consistent with what would be expected by chance. Additionally, model selection tests identify host switching as a critical parameter for explaining cophylogenetic patterns in this system. Our study demonstrates a promising approach through which the history of evolutionary association between interacting lineages can be rigorously modeled and tested in a probabilistic phylogenetic framework.
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