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Figure 30 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 30. Halichaetoderma hexagonale sp. nov. A, head dorsal scales are narrowly oblong with a posterior truncated end. B, C, head dorsolateral, neck and upper-trunk dorsal scales are oblong to narrowly oblong. D, trunk dorsal scales are hexagonal with more or less rounded edges. E, F, trunk dorsal posterior central scale and furca lateral scales are oblong. G, interciliary field scales are narrowly oblong and keeled. H, trunk dorsolateral posterior scales are oblong with a truncated posterior end. I, furca base dorsal scale is very broadly cordiform.
Figure 5 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree of chaetonotids based on 18S, 28S, and COI sequences. Only the highlighted part of the inset phylogram is shown. The lower half of the phylogram is presented in Figure 6. Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood conducted in IQ-TREE and posterior probabilities for Bayesian inference conducted in MrBayes were mapped onto the best scoring maximum likelihood tree. Fully statistically supported nodes are marked with black solid circles. Sequences in bold were obtained during this study. The scale bar denotes four substitutions per one hundred nucleotide positions.
Figure 4 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 4. Secondary structure of the 5.8S rRNA molecule and a part of the 28S rRNA molecule (covering the entire domain I and partially domains 0 and II) of Halichaetoderma fluviatile sp. nov. Thick arrows mark species-specific diagnostic molecular characters, while thin arrows denote diagnostic characters of the genus Halichaetoderma. The helix number system follows Petrov et al. (2014). The reference secondary structure map of the 5.8S and 28S rRNA molecules of Tetrahymena thermophila Nanney and McCoy, 1976 (inset) is from http://apollo. chemistry.gatech.edu/RibosomeGallery (Petrov et al. 2014).
Figure 3. ITS2 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 3. ITS2 molecule of the genera Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. A, putative consensus secondary structure. The central loop radiates four helices. However, helix I could not be incorporated into the consensus 2D structure due to its very high variability in length and nucleotide composition (see Figure 2). By contrast, helix II was the most conservative having 9–11 pairs and invariably seven nucleotides in its terminal loop. Helix III was distinctly longer than helix II (32–55 nt vs. 25–31 nt). Although being more variable than helix II, helix III consistently displayed a motif 5'-UUGGG vs. YYYAA-3' at its base. Helix IV was the longest, had 52–112 ribonucleotides, and usually ran along helix II according to the 3D modelling. For localization of helix 10, which is made by the interaction of the 3ʹ-end of 5.8S and the 5ʹ-end of 28S, see Figure 4. B, two different views on the tertiary structure, showing that helices II and IV run in parallel. C, structure logos of helices II‒IV. The height of a base is proportional to its frequency in the multiple sequence alignment.
Figure 22 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 22. Halichaetoderma fluviatile sp. nov. A, B, details of the anterior body region, showing the pharynx reinforcements and ventral ciliary bands. Note that basal bodies are very narrowly spaced in the whole anterior region and central patch as well as in the beginning (U8–U15) of the main portion of the ciliary bands. Locomotory cilia then become regularly arranged in more or less equidistantly spaced horizontal rows in the rest of the ciliary bands. C, F, dorsal view showing the head and trunk scale patterns. D, optical section of the trunk showing the internal morphology. E, ventral view of the posterior body region. Arrowheads mark the narrowly oblong scales with a truncated posterior end. ceph, cephalion; crp, central rectangular patch; das, differentiated anterior section of intestine; ov, ovum; phr, pharynx reinforcements; pij, pharyngeal‒intestinal junction; vcb, ventral ciliary bands. Scale bars = 5 µm (F), 10 µm (C, D, E), 15 µm (A, B).
Figure 28 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 28. Halichaetoderma aureum sp. nov. A, optical section showing the internal morphology. The pharynx extends from c. U3 to U28, is 33 μm long and 6.5–11.6 μm wide, and smoothly continues through the pharyngeal-intestinal junction to the differentiated anterior section (U29–U32) of the intestine, which extends from U33 to U87. Note the golden appearance of the intestine content caused by ingested algae. B, surface view showing the head narrowly oblong scales. C, optical section of the head, showing the pharynx and the cephalion with a free posterior edge. The pharynx has two dilatations, the posterior dilatation is wider than the anterior one. D, interciliary field scales are narrowly oblong and keeled. Note that the interciliary field scales are regularly arranged, forming up to six longitudinal rows. E, dorsal trunk scales are oblong with a truncated posterior end. ceph, cephalion; int, intestine; m, mouth; ph, pharynx; sc, sensoric cilia. Scale bars = 5 µm (D), 10 µm (B, E), 20 µm (A, C).
Figure 27 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 27. Halichaetoderma aureum sp. nov. A, head dorsal scales are narrowly oblong. B, C, trunk dorsal and lateral scales are broadly tongueshaped with a truncated posterior end. D, trunk dorsolateral scales are roughly hexagonal with rounded edges. E, interciliary field scales are narrowly oblong. F, upper-furcal dorsal scales are oblong with a bluntly acute anterior end and a truncated posterior end. G, upper-furcal ventral scales are relatively big, claviform, and posteriorly truncated. H, internal morphology. ceph, cephalion; das, differentiated anterior section of intestine; int, intestine; m, mouth; ph, pharynx.
Figure 1 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 1. Secondary structure of the 18S rRNA molecule of Halichaetoderma fluviatile sp. nov. Thick arrows mark species-specific diagnostic molecular characters, while thin arrows denote diagnostic characters of the genus Halichaetoderma. Thus, there are five genus-specific molecular characters (thin arrows) localized in the double-stranded regions of helix 21es6c from the variable V4 region, helix 33 from the V6 region, and helix 41 from the V8 region. On the other hand, there are as many as 31 species-specific nucleotide characters (thick arrows) scattered over the whole 18S molecule both in the single- and double-stranded regions. Note the long-range tertiary contacts between the V2 and V4 regions (highlighted in grey). The helix number system follows Lee and Gutell (2012) and Petrov et al. (2014). The reference 18S secondary structure map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C.Hansen (inset) is from http://apollo.chemistry.gatech.edu/ RibosomeGallery (Petrov et al. 2014).
Figure 2 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 2. Putative secondary structure of the ITS2 molecule of He. kolickae sp. nov. (A), He. striatum sp. nov. (B), He. macrops (C), Ha. fluviatile sp. nov. (D), and Ha. rivale sp. nov. (E). Helices are marked by Roman numbers I–IV. For localization of helix 10, which is made by the interaction of the 3ʹ-end of 5.8S and the 5ʹ-end of 28S, see Figure 4.
Figure 12 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 12. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the head of the holotype of Iphisa brunopereira sp. nov. (Voucher: MZUSP 107618).
Figure 9 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 9. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the head of the holotype of Iphisa dorothy sp. nov. (Voucher: CHUFPE R-1366).
Figure 6. Hemipenial morphotypes. A, morphotype 1 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 6. Hemipenial morphotypes. A, morphotype 1 (UFMT 10126: Vilhena, Rondônia, Brazil); B, morphotype 2 (MZUSP 82428: Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil); C, morphotype 3 (MZUSP 100257: Igarapé-Açu, Amazonas, Brazil); D, morphotype 4 (INPA 13852: Beruri, Amazonas, Brazil); E, morphotype 5 (MHNSM 16718: Distrito Genaro Herrera, Provincia Requena, Peru). F, morphotype 6 (MZUSP 107623: Moibamba, Amazonas, Brazil). Scale bars = 3 mm.
Figure 8 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 8. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the head of the holotype of Iphisa surui sp. nov. (Voucher: UFMT 10126).
Figure 4 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 4. Above, frequencies of prefrontal condition: presence (Light grey) or absence (Dark grey) among OTUs.Below, frequencies of six (Dark grey) or seven (Light grey) supralabials among OTUs.
Figure 7 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 7. Colour variation in individuals of genus Iphisa to the seven species: A = Iphisa elegans stricto sensu (Japurá - AM), photo: Pedro Ivo Simões; B = Iphisa elegans stricto sensu (Canutama State Forest - AM), photo: Vinícius Carvalho; C = Iphisa soinii comb. nov. (Serra do Divisor - AC), photo: Pedro Peloso; D = Iphisa surui sp. nov. (Juara - MT), photo: Ricardo Kawashita-Ribeiro. E = Iphisa dorothy sp. nov. (Juruena - MT), photo: Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; F = Iphisa pellegrino sp. nov. (PARNA Nasc. Lago Jari - AM), photo: Vinícius Carvalho; G = Iphisa munduruku sp. nov. (Igarapé-açú, Abacaxis River - AM), photo: Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues. H = Iphisa brunopereira sp. nov. (Içá River, AM), photo: Renato Recoder.
Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree inferred for Iphisa based on Bayesian Inference (N = 141) with combined mitochondrial (Cytb)and nuclear (cmos and prlr) genes (total of 1,750 bp). Values above 0.99 are indicated with asterisks. The terminals are collapsed in order to represent the main mtDNA lineages. The congruence of molecular, distributional and morphological partitions (HEM: Hemipenis; POR: Female femoral pores; PF: Prefrontal scales; SL: Supralabial scales) is depicted using coloured and grey-scaled bars. The last partition on the right represents the integrative taxonomy diagnostic from all these data: Confirmed Candidate Species, False Negative CCS, False positive Deep Conspecific Lineage and Unconfirmed Species.
Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 2. Distribution of eight Operational Taxonomic Units of Iphisa genus proposed: The dots with geographical distributions of OTUs are coloured according to the main genetic clusters (Fig. 1). Also, polygons with distribution of the seven species of Iphisa genus proposed: Red: Iphisa elegans stricto sensu; Pink: I. soinii comb. nov.; Yellow: Iphisa surui sp. nov.; Light blue: Iphisa dorothy sp. nov.; Purple: Iphisa pellegrino sp. nov.; Dark blue: Iphisa munduruku sp. nov.; Green: Iphisa brunopereira sp. nov.; T = Type locality (See about Iphisa elegans holotype locality Remarks session). Symbols with black dots inside are samples with molecular, morphology and hemipenes data. Translucide white dots are individuals from literature. River names are within white squares (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 1. Results of phylogenetic tree inferred by Maximum Likelihood (ML) using 833 bp of mtDNA (Cytb) and species-delimitation analyses: mPTP, bGMYC, ASAP and nuDNA allele sharing. The colours depicted on the tree represent the major mtDNA lineages recovered and colour bars the partitions recovered from species-delimitation analyses. The most conservative partitions across the three analyses were considered OTUs. Absence or marginal allele sharing on the two nuDNA loci among these OTU is also represented by colour bars. Node supports are indicated with maximum likelihood bootstrap. Bootstrap values above 99 are considered strong support for nodes and are indicated with asterisks while "- "indicates node support <50.
Figure 5 in Integrative taxonomy of the Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 species complex (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) leads to the description of five new species
Figure 5. Results of discriminant function analysis based on scale data; Red: OTU 1a – Iphisa elegans stricto sensu; Pink: OTU1b – Iphisa soinii comb. nov.; Light yellow: OTU 2 – Iphisa surui sp. nov.; Dark yellow: OTU 3 – Iphisa surui sp. nov.; Light blue: OTU 4 – Iphisa dorothy sp. nov.; Purple: OTU 5 – Iphisa pellegrino sp. nov.; Dark blue: OTU 6 – Iphisa munduruku sp. nov. Green: OTU 7 – Iphisa brunopereira sp. nov. Black squares: Numbered Group Centroid.
FIGURE 17 in Integrative taxonomy study of brackish water crabs of the genus Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Varunidae) from Polynesia, with description of two new species
FIGURE 17. Ptychognathus aff. similis: A, dorsal view of a specimen from Fatu Hiva Island (Virgin Bay, estuary of Hanavave River, st. MQ16-M, 17–18 January 2012, -10.464033°, -138.666167°, sample accession number LC146); B, ventral view of same specimen; C, front view of same specimen. Photo credits: J. Poupin.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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