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Data from: Restoration of endangered fen communities: the ambiguity of iron-phosphorus binding and phosphorus limitation
1.Low phosphorus (P) availability limits plant biomass production in fens, which is a prerequisite for the persistence of many endangered plant species. We hypothesized that P limitation is linked to soil iron (Fe) content and soil Fe:P ratios as iron compounds provide binding sites for dissolved P, presumably reducing P availability to plants. 2.We sampled 30 fens in a trans-European field survey to determine how soil Fe pools relate to pools of P and Fe-bound P, and we measured vegetation P uptake and N:P ratio to assess where P limitation occurs. Next, we determined P uptake by Carex rostrata in experimental fen mesocosms to investigate interactive effects of soil Fe- and P pools (and -NDASH-fractions) and water levels (drained or rewetted). 3.The field survey revealed that soil P pools correlate positively with soil Fe pools, regardless of fen degradation level, location, or sampling depth. Moreover, soil Fe- and P pools correlated positively with P uptake by the vegetation and negatively with vegetation N:P ratios. Generally, N:P ratios dropped below 10 g g−1 whenever thresholds of 15 mmol Fe L−1 soil and 3.3 mmol P L−1 soil were exceeded. Endangered fen species mainly thrived in Fe- (and thus P-) poor fens. 4.The mesocosm experiment further showed that interactions between water levels and P pools determined plant P uptake: although fen rewetting led to an overall increase in P uptake, plants that had grown on drained Fe-rich soils with large acid-extractable P pools (>1.6 mmol Pacid L−1) could still sequester large quantities of P. Soil Fe:P ratio had no effect on P uptake. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our findings have important implications for the management and restoration of endangered fen communities. We demonstrated the existence of an iron-phosphorus (Fe-P) binding ambiguity in fens: large Fe pools "trap" mobile P, thereby enhancing overall P availability to plants rather than diminishing it. For P limitation we suggest an empirical threshold of < 3.3 mmol P L−1 soil, which is mainly found in Fe-poor fens. Restoring fens by rewetting increases the relative availability of P and may not always result in favourable conditions for endangered fen communities. Rewetting of drained fens is most likely to be successful if soil P and Fe pools are well below 3.3 mmol L−1 and 15 mmol L−1 respectively.
FIGURES 14–17. Internal female genitalia. Fig. 14 in Cladistic analysis of species of Natalis Laporte (1836) and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) with redescription of a restored Clerinae genus
FIGURES 14–17. Internal female genitalia. Fig. 14. Metademius sp. Fig. 15. Natalis wagneri. Fig. 16. Natalis laplacei. Fig. 17. Neogyponyx punctipennis. v=vagina; o=oviduct; b=bursa copulatrix; d=small denticles between rows; e=spermatheca; f=row of denticles; g=spermathecal gland. Scale: 0,5 mm.
FIGURES 11 in Cladistic analysis of species of Natalis Laporte (1836) and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) with redescription of a restored Clerinae genus
FIGURES 11–13. Median lobe. Fig. 11. Metademius sp. a=hoodlike apical sclerotization; b=sclerotized longitudinal bar. Fig. 12. Natalis wagneri. a=weakly sclerotized area; b=sclerotized longitudinal bar. Fig. 13. Natalis laplacei. a=sclerotized longitudinal bar; b=apical sclerotization interrupted, weakly connected with the longitudinal bars. Scale: 0,5 mm.
FIGURES 7–10. Male genitalia. Fig. 7. Natalis laplacei. Tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 8 in Cladistic analysis of species of Natalis Laporte (1836) and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) with redescription of a restored Clerinae genus
FIGURES 7–10. Male genitalia. Fig. 7. Natalis laplacei. Tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 8. Natalis laplacei. Tegmen, lateral view; a=linear ventral sclerotization; b=lateral weakly sclerotized area of parameres base; c=weakly sclerotized apex of parameres; d=lateral sclerotization extended to ventral linear sclerotization. Fig. 9. Neogyponyx punctipennis. Tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 10. Eunatalis sp. Tegmen, ventral view; a=ventral sclerotization with two branches in V; b=lateral weakly sclerotized area of parameres base; c= weakly sclerotized apex of parameres; d=lateral sclerotization. Scale: 0,5 mm.
FIGURES 4–6. Male genitalia. Fig. 4 in Cladistic analysis of species of Natalis Laporte (1836) and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) with redescription of a restored Clerinae genus
FIGURES 4–6. Male genitalia. Fig. 4. Eurymetomorphon biguttatus. Tegmen, dorsal view; a=longitudinal division; b=lateral weakly sclerotized area of parameres base; c=weakly sclerotized apex of parameres; d=narrow emargination between parameres. Fig. 5. Natalis wagneri. Tegmen, ventral view; a=ventral linear sclerotization; b=lateral sclerotization extended to ventral linear sclerotization. Fig. 6. Natalis wagneri. Tegmen, lateral view; a=apodeme; b=lateral sclerotization extended to ventral linear sclerotization. Scale: 0,5 mm.
FIGURES 2–3. Metathoracic wing. Fig. 2 in Cladistic analysis of species of Natalis Laporte (1836) and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) with redescription of a restored Clerinae genus
FIGURES 2–3. Metathoracic wing. Fig. 2. Eurymetomorphon biguttatus.. Fig. 3. Natalis wagneri. Scale: 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Cladistic analysis of species of Natalis Laporte (1836) and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) with redescription of a restored Clerinae genus
FIGURE 1. Cladogram showing the relationships of the species of Natalis and genera Eunatalis, Metademius and Eurymetomorphon. Black spots= apomorphies; white spots= homoplasies.
FIGURE 5. Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky, 1882 in Diversity within the Ponto-Caspian Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky sensu lato revisited: P. bakuensis G. O. Sars restored (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae)
FIGURE 5. Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky, 1882: (a–c) ♂, Dagestan; (a) head; (b) penis, medial view; (c) pleopod IV, dorsal view; (d) lectotype, subadult ♂, endopod of uropod (without setae and statocyst), ventral view. Scales: (a) 1 mm, (b), (c), (d) 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 7. Paramysis bakuensis G.O. Sars, 1895 in Diversity within the Ponto-Caspian Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky sensu lato revisited: P. bakuensis G. O. Sars restored (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae)
FIGURE 7. Paramysis bakuensis G.O. Sars, 1895: (a, c) lectotype, subadult Ψ; (b, d–g) Ψ, Volga delta; (a) telson (terminal spine-setae missing); (b) telson, distal part; (c) antennal scale, dorsal view; (d) exopod of maxilla II, caudal view; (e) pereiopod I, frontal view; (f) pereiopod VI, frontal view; (g) dactylus of pereiopod VI, frontal view. Scales: (a) 1 mm, (b), (c), (e), (f), (g) 0.5 mm, (d) 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 6. Paramysis bakuensis G.O. Sars, 1895 in Diversity within the Ponto-Caspian Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky sensu lato revisited: P. bakuensis G. O. Sars restored (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae)
FIGURE 6. Paramysis bakuensis G.O. Sars, 1895: (a, c–e) lectotype, subadult Ψ; (b) Ψ, Volga delta, head; (a) total view; (c) maxillipede I, frontal view; (d) maxillipede II, frontal view; (e) pereiopod I (setae and dactylus missing), frontal view. Scales: (a), (b) 1 mm, (c), (d), (e) 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 3. Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky, 1882 in Diversity within the Ponto-Caspian Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky sensu lato revisited: P. bakuensis G. O. Sars restored (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae)
FIGURE 3. Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky, 1882, lectotype, subadult ♂: (a) mandibular palp, medial view; (b) maxilla I, frontal view; (c) maxillipede I, frontal view; (d) maxillipede II, frontal view. Scales 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 4. Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky, 1882 in Diversity within the Ponto-Caspian Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky sensu lato revisited: P. bakuensis G. O. Sars restored (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae)
FIGURE 4. Paramysis baeri Czerniavsky, 1882, lectotype, subadult ♂: (a) telson; (b) antennal scale (without setae); (c) maxilla II, frontal view; (d) pereiopod I, frontal view; (e) pereiopod VI, frontal view; (f) dactylus of pereiopod VI, frontal view. Scales: (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) 0.5 mm, (f) 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Review of the waspfish genus Liocranium (Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae), with restoration of L. pleurostigma (Weber)
FIGURE 3. Schematic illustrations of typical marking patterns on lateral surface of body in A Liocranium pleurostigma and B L. praepositum. A showing that the first blotch is horizontally oriented and the lateral line (LL) runs through upper one-third of the blotch; the second blotch is extremely small and does not extend onto the dorsal-fin membrane (BD); and the third blotch is absent. B showing that the first blotch is vertically oriented and the lateral line runs through middle of the blotch; the second blotch is relatively large and the upper part of the blotch extends onto the dorsal-fin membrane; the third blotch is usually present (second and third blotches are sometimes merged together).
FIGURE 2 in Review of the waspfish genus Liocranium (Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae), with restoration of L. pleurostigma (Weber)
FIGURE 2. Distributional records of Liocranium pleurostigma (stars) and L. praepositum (circles), based on specimens examined in this study. In addition, L. pleurostigma was recorded from the Philippines on the basis of an underwater photograph (see text).
FIGURE 1 in Review of the waspfish genus Liocranium (Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae), with restoration of L. pleurostigma (Weber)
FIGURE 1. Preserved specimens of (A–B) Liocranium pleurostigma and (C–D) L. praepositum. A lectotype of Paracentropogon pleurostigma, ZMA 110229, 33.5 mm SL; B non-type of L. pleurostigma, CSIRO H 4059-03, 82.8 mm SL; C lectotype of L. praepositum, QM I. 1582, 61.7 mm SL; and D non-type of L. praepositum, QM I. 31337, 93.2 mm SL.
FIGURE 4 in Review of the waspfish genus Liocranium (Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae), with restoration of L. pleurostigma (Weber)
FIGURE 4. Ratio of A longest anal-fin soft ray length (LAFSRL) to upper-jaw length (UJL) and B maxilla depth (MD) to standard length in Liocranium pleurostigma (stars) and L. praepositum (circles).
FIGURE 5 in Review of the waspfish genus Liocranium (Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae), with restoration of L. pleurostigma (Weber)
FIGURE 5. Relationships of first blotch width (FBW) divided by second blotch width (SBW) to first blotch length (FBL) added to second blotch length (SBL) in Liocranium pleurostigma (stars) and L. praepositum (circles). Definition of the first and second blotches is described in Material and Methods section.
FIGURES 2–4 in Review of the millipede family Diplomaragnidae of Japan, with description of a new species and the restoration of the combination Diplomaragna hokkaidensis (Verhoeff, 1939) (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Diplomaragnidae)
FIGURES 2–4. Tokyosoma flexuosum sp. n., male holotype. 2, coxa and trochanter 10, coxal secret protruded, front view; 3, gonopods, caudal view; 4, gonopods, front view; p, coxal process; c, distal processes of colpocoxites; ms, mesal sheath processes of posterior gonopod colpocoxites; lp, lateral sheath process of posterior gonopod colpocoxite; lb, posterior gonopod lateral coxal branch; sp, lateral spinous process of colpocoxite; ap, anterior process of posterior gonopod angiocoxite. Scale in mm.
FIGURE 7 in Restoring the species status of Catharus maculatus (Aves: Turdidae), a secretive Andean thrush, with a critique of the yardstick approach to species delimitation
FIGURE 7. Maxent projected models of estimate ecological niche distributions for Mesoamerican (A) and South American (B) populations of C. dryas. Dotted lines indicate the approximate southern and northern range boundaries of the populations in Mesoamerica and South America, respectively. Black circles represent collection localities of genetic samples used in this study.
FIGURE 6 in Restoring the species status of Catharus maculatus (Aves: Turdidae), a secretive Andean thrush, with a critique of the yardstick approach to species delimitation
FIGURE 6. Audio spectrograms showing variation in whistled songs from Mesoamerica (C. d. dryas), and South America (C. d. maculatus). Two songs each are shown (a, b) from the repertoires of 7 singers (1–7), representing Mexico (1–4), Peru (5), Bolivia (6), and Ecuador (7).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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