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1,369 results for “sexual dimorphism”
Figure 10 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figure 10. Optimization of the lengths of the first (left) and second (right) pairs of posterior spines under a squaredchange parsimony model. Values are expressed as a proportion of carapace length. Darker values indicate greater lengths and the scale is the same for both traits. Spines are considered to be extremely elongated if longer than the carapace. Micrathena spiders are highlighted by the grey background.
Figure 11 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figure 11. Optimization of female (left) and male (right) carapace lengths under a squared-change parsimony model. Values are expressed in millimetres. Darker values indicate greater lengths and the scale is the same for both sexes. The greater the difference of tone between males and females, the higher the sexual size dimorphism for a given species. Micrathena spiders are highlighted by the grey background.
Figure 7 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figure 7. Character optimizations of the discrete data set in the tree obtained through implied-weighted parsimony (k = 5). Character numbers are indicated above circles and character states are indicated below circles. Filled circles indicate convergence-free apomorphies, open circles represent homoplasious synapomorphies. For character descriptions, see Appendix 1. The grids near the nodes represent a sensitivity analysis using different values of k; open cells represent presence of the corresponding clade in a given weighting scheme, whereas filled cells represent its absence. Different Micrathena species groups are indicated by the alternating background colour. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. All spiders (females at left, males at right) drawn to scale and printed approximately at natural sizes. Continued in Figs 8 and 9.
Figures 5–6. Optimal trees obtained under Bayesian analyses. Fig. 5. Mkv model. Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figures 5–6. Optimal trees obtained under Bayesian analyses. Fig. 5. Mkv model. Fig. 6. MkvG model. Posterior probabilities values are indicated below branches.
Figures 3–4. Optimal trees obtained under parsimony analyses. Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figures 3–4. Optimal trees obtained under parsimony analyses. Fig. 3. Unweighted analysis [length = 575.3; consistency index (CI) = 0.305; retention index (RI) = 0.693]. Fig. 4. Implied weighted analysis (k = 5; length = 579.718; fit = 105; CI = 0.303; RI = 0.689). Bremer supports and symmetric resampling values are indicated below and above branches, respectively. Symmetric resampling values are given in frequency differences (GC; Goloboff et al., 2003).
Figures 1–2. Abdominal spine homology and measurements taken for this study. Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figures 1–2. Abdominal spine homology and measurements taken for this study. Fig. 1. Chaetacis bandeirante, female habitus, dorsal. Arrows indicate primary apodemes. Fig. 2. Chaetacis bandeirante, female habitus, lateral. Abbreviations: AS, anterior spine; AW, abdomen width; CL, carapace length; CW, carapace width; ES, eye interdistance; FL, femur length; FSL, first posterior spine length; LS1, first lateral spine; LS2, second lateral spine; LS3, third lateral spine; PS1, first posterior spine; PS2, second posterior spine; PS3, third posterior spine; RW, rim width; SCL, spinneret cone length. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 2 in Bundoksia gen. nov. (Dictyoptera: Blattodea: Blattidae), a new sexually dimorphic cockroach from the Philippines
Figure 2. Bundoksia rufocercata (Shelford 1911) comb. nov.: (a) Male habitus; (b) Female habitus; (c) Head; (d) Posterior margin of metanotum and 1st abdominal tergite; (e) Prothoracic leg; (f) Mesothoracic leg; (g) Metathoracic leg.; (h) Male supraanal plate; (i) Male genitalia and subgenital plate.
Figure 4 in Natural history of Hylodes perere Silva & Benmaman, 2008 (Anura, Hylodidae) in the Serra Negra da Mantiqueira, Atlantic Forest of Brazil: microhabitat, sexual dimorphism, diet and distribution
Figure 4. Distribution map of the records of Hylodes perere in Serra Negra da Mantiqueira State Park (SNMSP), 'Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Nacional' RPPN Chapadão da Serra Negra (RPPNCSN), and 'Área de Proteção Ambiental' APA Boqueirão da Mira (APABM). The dotted circle in South America is the locality of the main map. Literature records are by Lima et al. (2021) (1–3) and Neves et al. (2017) (4–7).
Figure 1 in Natural history of Hylodes perere Silva & Benmaman, 2008 (Anura, Hylodidae) in the Serra Negra da Mantiqueira, Atlantic Forest of Brazil: microhabitat, sexual dimorphism, diet and distribution
Figure 1. Image illustrating the different categories of microhabitat used by Hylodes perere (HS = Humid soil; W = Inside the water; PS = Partially submerged; S = Above stones; RC = Rock crevices; V = Above vegetation). Photo by Edmundo Ferreira.
Figure 2 in Natural history of Hylodes perere Silva & Benmaman, 2008 (Anura, Hylodidae) in the Serra Negra da Mantiqueira, Atlantic Forest of Brazil: microhabitat, sexual dimorphism, diet and distribution
Figure 2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of males (triangles) and females (dots) of Hylodes perere. Dimension1 (Dim1) explains 26.5% and dimension 2 (Dim2) explains 15.8% of the observed variation in the sampling. Morphometric variables: snout-vent length (SVL); head length (HL); head width (HW); eye diameter (ED); upper eyelid width (UEW); interorbital distance (IOD); internarial distance (IND); tympanum diameter (TD); tibia length (TL); thigh length (THL); eye–nostril distance (END); nostril to tip of snout distance (NSD); foot length (FL); third finger disk diameter (FD3); fourth toe disk diameter (TD4); thorax length (TXL); arm width (AW); forearm width (FW); thigh width (TW); and gastrocnemius width (GW).
Thermal response of two sexually dimorphic Calopteryx (Odonata) over an ambient temperature range
<p>1. Organisms may internally or behaviourally regulate their body temperatures or conform to the ambient air temperatures. Previous evidence is mixed on whether wing pigmentation influences thermoregulation in various odonates.</p> <p>2. We investigated the thermal response of sympatric North American Calopteryx aequabilis and Calopteryx maculata with a thermal imaging study across a 25 °C ambient temperature range.</p> <p>3. We found that regressions of thorax temperature on ambient temperature standardised by species had similar slopes for male and female C. maculata, but females were consistently 1.5 °C warmer than males. In contrast, the sexes of C. aequabilis differed in slope, with C. aequabilis females having a slope less than 1.0 and males having a slope greater than 1.0.</p> <p>4. We found that regressions of thorax temperature on ambient temperature standardised by sex had similar slopes for males and females of both species, but C. maculata females were consistently 2.1 °C warmer than C. aequabilis females.</p> <p>5. Given that C. aequabilis is strongly sexually dimorphic in pigment, but C. maculata is not, our findings suggest that wing pigmentation may influence thermal response rate in sympatric populations of both species.</p>
Are evolutionary transitions in sexual size dimorphism related to sex determination in reptiles? - Electronic supplementary material
<p class="western"><span><span><span><span>Sex determination systems are highly variable in vertebrates, although neither the causes nor the implications of this diversity are fully understood. Theory suggests that sex determination is expected to relate to sexual size dimorphism, because environmental sex determination promotes sex-specific developmental bias in embryonic growth rates. Furthermore, selection for larger size in one sex or the other has been proposed to drive the evolution of different genetic sex determination systems. Here we investigate whether sex determination systems relate to adult sexual size dimorphism, using 250 species of reptiles (Squamata, Testudines, Crocodylia) representing 26 families. Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we find that sexual size dimorphism is associated with sex determination: species with TSDIa sex determination (i.e. in which the proportion of female offspring increases with incubation temperature), have more female-biased size dimorphism than species with TSDII (i.e., species in which males are produced at mid temperatures). We also found a trend that species with TSD ancestors had more male-biased size dimorphism in XY sex-chromosome systems than in ZW sex-chromosome systems. Taken together, our results support the prediction that sexual size dimorphism is linked to sex-dependent developmental variations caused by environmental factors and also by sex chromosomes. Since the extent of size dimorphism is related to various behavioural, ecological and life-history differences between sexes, our results imply profound impacts of sex determination systems for vertebrate diversity.</span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 9 in A striking sexually dimorphic new species of Castolus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera Reduviidae) from Colombia, with new records from Neotropical countries and taxonomic notes on the genus
FIGURE 9. Images of species of Castolus present in Colombia. A. C. lineatus Maldonado, 1976 (Colombia; photo L.M. Constantino); B. C. pallidus Maldonado, 1976 (Panama; photo A. Anker); C. C. multicinctus Stål, 1872, dorsal and lateral views (Cundinamarca, Colombia); D. C. plagiaticollis Stål, 1858 (Mexico; photo C.G. Velazco-Macias); E. C. rufomarginatus Champion, 1899 (Costa Rica; photo G. Kunz); F–G. Castolus sp. (Medellín, Colombia; photos J.C. Fernández and R. Sánchez).
FIGURE 10 in A striking sexually dimorphic new species of Castolus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera Reduviidae) from Colombia, with new records from Neotropical countries and taxonomic notes on the genus
FIGURE 10. Distribution map of Castolus species based on data from examined specimens and iNaturalist observations. A. C. multicintus Stål, 1872; B. C. pallidus Maldonado, 1976; C. C. plagiaticollis Stål, 1858; D. C. rufomarginatus Champion, 1899.
FIGURE 6 in A striking sexually dimorphic new species of Castolus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera Reduviidae) from Colombia, with new records from Neotropical countries and taxonomic notes on the genus
FIGURE 6. Dorsal view of Castolus type specimens. A. holotype of Castolus bicolor Maldonado, 1976 (synonym of C. nigriventris Breddin, 1904); B. holotype of C. bolivari Brailovsky, 1982; C. holotype labels of C. bicolor Maldonado, 1976.
FIGURE 5 in A striking sexually dimorphic new species of Castolus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera Reduviidae) from Colombia, with new records from Neotropical countries and taxonomic notes on the genus
FIGURE 5. Distribution map of Castolus species based on data from examined specimens and iNaturalist observations. A. C. rafaeli sp. nov.; B. C. lineatus.
FIGURE 2 in A striking sexually dimorphic new species of Castolus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera Reduviidae) from Colombia, with new records from Neotropical countries and taxonomic notes on the genus
FIGURE 2. Castolus rafaeli sp. nov., female paratype (CEUA 99059). A. Dorsal view; B. lateral view; C. detail of head and thorax in dorsal view; D. genitalia, ventral view, showing bursa copulatrix and subrectal glands; E. detail of insertion of median oviduct on bursa copulatrix; F. detail of gonocoxa 8, gonapophysis 8, and gonoplac. Abbreviations: gap8, gonapophysis 8; gcx8, gonocoxa 8; gpl, gonoplac; mo, median oviduct.
FIGURE 3 in A striking sexually dimorphic new species of Castolus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera Reduviidae) from Colombia, with new records from Neotropical countries and taxonomic notes on the genus
FIGURE 3. Live female specimens of Castolus rafaeli sp. nov. showing pronotal color variability. A. Panama (photo E. R. Nielsen); B. Colombia, Antioquia.
FIGURES 35–46 in Neotropical Physoderinae revisited, with description of a new, sexually dimorphic species of Leptophysoderes Weirauch (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
FIGURES 35–46. Details of the female paratypes of Leptophysoderes sarapiqui, sp. nov. (35–37, 39, 41, 42, 44–46) and of the male holotype of Cryptophysoderes fairchildi (38, 40, 43). Dorsal (35, 36, 38–40), lateral (37, 41, 43, 45), dorsolateral (46), ventral (42), and caudal (44) shots of: 35–38, head; 39, 40, pronotum; 41, fore- and midlegs; 42, hindleg; 43, foreleg; 44, female external genitalia; 45; protarsus; 46, abdomen and hemelytra.
FIGURES 28–34 in Neotropical Physoderinae revisited, with description of a new, sexually dimorphic species of Leptophysoderes Weirauch (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
FIGURES 28–34. Habitus of Leptophysoderes sarapiqui, sp. nov. females (28–32) and the male holotype of Cryptophysoderes fairchildi (33, 34). 28, 29, 34 dorsal views; 32, ventral view; 30, 31, 33 lateral views.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.