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FIGURE 1. Comparison between similar globular teeth crowns found among alligatoroids. A in Taxonomic review of two fossil crocodylians from the Cenozoic of South America and its implications for the crocodylian fauna of the continent

FIGURE 1. Comparison between similar globular teeth crowns found among alligatoroids. A, Balanerodus logimus, holotype, in labial view (UCMP-45787). B, Allognathosuchus wartheni (YPM PU-16989), right dentary tooth in lateral view. C, Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis (MUSM-1942), left dentary teeth in medial view. D, Caiman wannlangstoni (MUSM-2377, holotype), right maxillary tooth in lateral view. E, Brachychampsa montana (AMNH-5032, holotype), right maxillary teeth in medial view. F, Procaimanoidea utahensis (USNM-15997, paratype), posterior right dentary teeth in medial view. G, Melanosuchus niger (MN-64), posterior right dentary teeth in lateral view. H, Caiman latirostris (MACN-30612), posterior left maxillary teeth in medial view. Scale bars = 1 cm.

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FIGURE 4. Genitalia and head. A–C in A new species of Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllnae Modicoryllini) bearing similarities to the Landrevinae from China

FIGURE 4. Genitalia and head. A–C. genitalia: A. dorsal view; B. lateral view; C. ventral view. D–E. head: D. anterior view; E. lateral view. Scale bar: 1mm.

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Fig. 3 in Climate-induced shifts in the niche similarity of two related spadefoot toads (genus Pelobates)

Fig. 3 The potential distribution of P. fuscus and P. syriacus in: a present climate for the two species, b Last Interglacial climate, c Last Glacial Maximum MIROC Scenario, d Last Glacial Maximum CCSM Scenario, and e A1B scenario for 2080. The modeling extent merges the minimum convex polygons of the two species and an additional buffer zone of 335 km that includes all fossil records

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Fig. 2 in Climate-induced shifts in the niche similarity of two related spadefoot toads (genus Pelobates)

Fig. 2 Modeling stages used in the present study for investigating the factors limiting the current range overlap and possible changes in the geographic ranges of the two species studied under future climate change scenarios

Fig. 7 in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 7 Mean of 100 Maxent SDMs computed with pooled species records of all Lyciasalamandra species omitting L. fazilae (a), L. flavimembris (b), and L. luschani (c). Areas climatically suitable for salamanders and suitable due to the presence of carstic limestone formations are indicated (dark greyMaxent values above the minimum training presence, black values above the minimum 10% training omission threshold). Areas climatically unsuitable to Lycian salamanders are indicated in light grey where carstic limestone formations are present and white where they are not

Fig. 5 in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 5 Relative position of species records in environmental niche space. Note the decreasing number of species records with decreasing temperature and precipitation. This pattern corroborates well field observations by Klewen (1991) and Steinfartz and Mutz (1998)

Fig. 2 Conceptual differences among proposed niche overlap analyses. Imagine a in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 2 Conceptual differences among proposed niche overlap analyses. Imagine a set of three species with different preferences along an environmental gradient. Using SDM projections, it is possible to derive for each species a probability distribution across the gradient. Comparing two species as proposed by Warren et al. (2008), the overlap (grey area in the middle panel) of their respective probability distributions in geographic space is computed (pair-wise niche overlap). In our jackknife approach, a probability distribution derived from all species records is compared to a probability distribution derived from all minus one species. The 1−the resulting overlap value reflects the relative contribution of the omitted species to the entire probability distribution (grey area in the lower panel) and can be used as measure to rank all species when omitting them iteratively. Note that these specific indices are comparable only across each method but not among the different approaches

Fig. 1 a in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 1 a Presence of carstic limestone formations (light grey) and species records used for species distribution modelling (SDM). White dots Lyciasalamandra antalyana, black dots L. atifi, black squares L. billae, grey squares L. fazilae, black triangles L. flavimembris, white triangles L. helverseni, grey triangles L. luschani. b Mean of 100 Maxent SDMs computed with pooled species records of all Lyciasalamandra species. c Maxent SDMs trained with all pooled records omitting L. helverseni. Areas climatically suitable for salamanders and also suitable due to the presence of carstic limestone formations are indicated. Dark grey Maxent values above the minimum training presence, black values above the minimum 10% training omission threshold. Areas climatically unsuitable to Lycian salamanders are indicated in light grey where carstic limestone formations are present and white where they are not

Fig. 6 in A novel method to calculate climatic niche similarity among species with restricted ranges-the case of terrestrial Lycian salamanders

Fig. 6 Mean of 100 Maxent SDMs computed with pooled species records of all Lyciasalamandra species omitting L. antalyana (a), L. atifi (b), and L. billae (c). Areas climatically suitable for salamanders and suitable due to the presence of carstic limestone formations are indicated (dark grey Maxent values above the minimum training presence, black values above the minimum 10% training omission threshold). Areas climatically unsuitable to Lycian Salamanders are indicated in light grey where carstic limestone formations are present and white where they are not

FIGURE 2 in Tillandsia ramon-lopezii: a new species from Venezuela, similar to T. brachycaulos (Bromeliaceae)

FIGURE 2. (A–E). Tillandsia ramon-lopezii. A. Rosettes. B. Details of flowers and inflorescence. C. Floral bracts. D and E. Details of flowers and subtending bract. Photographs by Germán Carnevali based on G. Carnevali & I.M. Ramírez 7864 (isotype: CICY).

FIGURE 5 in Tillandsia ramon-lopezii: a new species from Venezuela, similar to T. brachycaulos (Bromeliaceae)

FIGURE 5. Trichome features. Abaxial foliar sheath surface (A and B) and adaxial surface of foliar sheath (C and D). Tillandsia ramonlopezii (B and D) and Tillandsia capitata (A and C). Images of Tillandsia ramon-lopezii based on G. Carnevali & I.M. Ramírez 7864 (isotype: CICY); Tillandsia capitata based on G. Carnevali & I.M. Ramírez 10491 (CICY).

FIGURE 1 in Tillandsia ramon-lopezii: a new species from Venezuela, similar to T. brachycaulos (Bromeliaceae)

FIGURE 1. (A–G). Tillandsia ramon-lopezii Carnevali &. I. Ramírez A. Flowers subtended by primary bract. B. Details of floral bracts. C. Flower showing petal constriction caused by sepals; see inserted stamens in the corolla tube. D. Three petals showing no variation in size and shape; see constriction on petals caused by sepals. E. Stigma, style, and stamens without corolla. F. Details of stigma. G. Plicate filament. Illustration by Alberto Guerra based on G. Carnevali & I.M. Ramírez 7864 (isotype: CICY).

FIGURE 4 in Tillandsia ramon-lopezii: a new species from Venezuela, similar to T. brachycaulos (Bromeliaceae)

FIGURE 4. Trichome features. View of foliar trichomes density on apical portion of floral bract (A and B) and details of peltate trichome shape on base of floral bract (C and D). Tillandsia ramon-lopezii (A, D) and Tillandsia capitata (B, C). Images of Tillandsia ramon-lopezii based on G. Carnevali & I.M. Ramírez 7864 (isotype: CICY); Tillandsia capitata based on G. Carnevali & I.M. Ramírez 10491 (CICY).

FIGURE 97 in Redescription Of Pectiniunguis Gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) From Guyana, With New Distributional Data And Complementary Descriptive Notes On Similar Neotropical Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

FIGURE 97: Geographical distribution of Pectiniunguis gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) (white square); Pectiniunguis geayi (Brölemann & Ribauit, 1911) (black squares); Pectiniunguis ducalis Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1995 (white dot) and Pectiniunguis roigi Pereira, Foddai & Minelli, 2001 (black dot).

FIGURES 90‑96 in Redescription Of Pectiniunguis Gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) From Guyana, With New Distributional Data And Complementary Descriptive Notes On Similar Neotropical Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

FIGURES 90‑96: (90-94): Pectiniunguis roigi Pereira, Foddai & Minelli, 2001 (male holotype; ECUADOR: Napo: Limoncocha): (90) Last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, dorsal (left leg is anomalous having the telopodite of only five articles); (91) Last legbearing segment and terminal segments, ventral; (92) Left coxal organs, ventral (a: individual channel; b: mucous layer; (external contour of lobes, not delineated)); (93) Detail of distal end of last podomere of right last leg, ventral; (94) Penis, dorsal. (After Pereira et al., 2001). (95): Pectiniunguis chazaliei (Brölemann, 1900) (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Gairaca: Santa Marta): Claw and parunguis of left leg XXX, postero-ventral. (After Pereira et al., 2001). (96): Pectiniunguis bollmani Pereira, Minelli & Foddai, 1999 (male holotype; VENEZUELA: Falcón state: Morrocoy National Park: Cayo Sombrero): Right coxal organs, ventral (a: lobe). (After Pereira et al., 1999). Scale bars: 0.3 mm (90, 91); 0.1 mm (92, 94); 0.05 mm (93, 95); 0.4 mm (96).

FIGURES 81‑82 in Redescription Of Pectiniunguis Gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) From Guyana, With New Distributional Data And Complementary Descriptive Notes On Similar Neotropical Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

FIGURES 81‑82: Pectiniunguis ducalis Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1995, (female allotype; BRAZIL: Amazonas: Reserva Florestal A. Ducke): (81) Last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, ventral; (82) Last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, dorsal. (After Pereira et al., 1995). Scale bar: 0.6 mm (81, 82).

FIGURES 83‑89 in Redescription Of Pectiniunguis Gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) From Guyana, With New Distributional Data And Complementary Descriptive Notes On Similar Neotropical Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

FIGURES 83‑89: Pectiniunguis roigi Pereira, Foddai & Minelli, 2001 (male holotype; ECUADOR: Napo: Limoncocha): (83) Right antenna, ventral; (84) Right a.a. XIV, dorsal; (85) Detail of apex of left a.a. XIV, ventral (a: claviform sensilla, b: apical specialized sensilla; c: small seta); (86) Labrum (form of central arc altered by squashing); (87) Detail of posterior external region of right second maxilla, ventral; (88) Forcipular segment, ventral, (89) Detail of calyx and conduct of poison gland in right forcipular telopodite, ventral. (After Pereira et al., 2001). Scale bars: 0.3 mm (83, 88); 0.1 mm (84, 86, 87); 0.03 mm (85); 0.2 mm (89).

FIGURES 76‑80 in Redescription Of Pectiniunguis Gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) From Guyana, With New Distributional Data And Complementary Descriptive Notes On Similar Neotropical Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

FIGURES 76‑80: Pectiniunguis ducalis Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1995, (male holotype; BRAZIL: Amazonas: Reserva Florestal A. Ducke): (76) Last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, dorsal; (77) Last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, ventral. (78) Left coxal organs, ventral; (79) Detail of distal end of last podomere of right last leg, ventral; (80) Penis, dorsal. (After Pereira et al., 1995). Scale bars: 0.6 mm (76, 77); 0.1 mm (78, 80); 0.05 mm (79).

FIGURES 69‑75 in Redescription Of Pectiniunguis Gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) From Guyana, With New Distributional Data And Complementary Descriptive Notes On Similar Neotropical Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

FIGURES 69‑75: Pectiniunguis ducalis Pereira, Minelli & Barbieri, 1995, (male holotype; BRAZIL: Amazonas: Reserva Florestal A. Ducke): (69) Left a.a. I-VII, ventral; (70) Left a.a. VIII-XIV, ventral; (71) Detail of distal end of right a.a. XIV, dorsal (a: claviform sensilla, b: apical specialized sensilla); (72) Labrum; (73) Detail of posterior external region of right second maxilla, ventral; (74) Forcipular segment, ventral; (75) Detail of calyx and conduct of poison gland in left forcipular telopodite, ventral. (After Pereira et al., 1995). Scale bars: 0.4 mm (69, 70); 0.05 mm (71); 0.2 mm (72, 75); 0.1 mm (73); 0.6 mm (74).

FIGURES 63‑66 in Redescription Of Pectiniunguis Gaigei (Chamberlin, 1921) From Guyana, With New Distributional Data And Complementary Descriptive Notes On Similar Neotropical Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)

FIGURES 63‑66: (63-65): Pectiniunguis geayi (Brölemann & Ribaut, 1911), (female (specimen B); BRAZIL: Amazonas: Lago Janauarí): (63) Last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, ventral; (64) Left coxal organs ventral; (65) Detail of distal end of last podomere of left last leg, dorsal. (After Pereira et al., 2000). (66): Pectiniunguis geayi (Brölemann & Ribaut, 1911), (BRAZIL: Bas Carsévène), (Reference Adenoschendyla geayi): Detail of coxosternum of right second maxilla, ventral. (After Brölemann & Ribaut 1912). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (63, 64); 0.05 mm (65); no scale available (66).