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Figs 28–33 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 28–33. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Female (paratype). 28–30. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively; red arrows indicate a dorsal patch in the opisthosoma (28) and the dorsal protuberance in carapace (29). 31–33. Epigynum, ventral, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. Scale bars: 28–30 = 1 mm; 31–33 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 24–27 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 24–27. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Male (holotype). 24–25. Detail of chelicerae, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 26. Details of procursus, embolus and embolic sclerites of left palp, retrolateral view. 27. Detail of bulb, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figs 20–23 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 20–23. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Male (holotype). 20–22. Left palp, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal views, respectively. 23. Bulb of male palp, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figs 14–19 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 14–19. Physocyclus mariachi sp. nov. Male (holotype). 14–16. Habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. 17. Carapace, frontal view. 18, 19. Chelicerae in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Scale bars: 14–16 = 1 mm; 17–19 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 8–13 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 8–13. Typical habitats of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 from Mexico. 8. Deciduous forests (Nayarit). 9–10. Oasis in desert (Baja California Sur). 11. Cave entrance located in a deciduous forest (Guerrero). 12. Thorny scrub with columnar cacti (Guanajuato). 13. Xerophilous scrub (Baja California Sur).

Figs 1–7 in Four new species of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Mexico, with updated taxonomic identification keys

Figs 1–7. Live specimens of the spider genus Physocyclus. 1. Male of Physocyclus darwini Valdez- Mondragón, 2010. 2, 5. Males of P. michoacanus Valdez-Mondragón, 2010. 3. Female and juveniles of P. dugesi Simon, 1893. 4. Male of P. dugesi. 6. Male of P. reddelli Gertsch, 1971. 7. Female of P. globosus (Taczanowski, 1874), holding the ovisac. Photos 6 and 7 by Bernhard A. Huber (2019).

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Balancing carnivore conservation and sustainable hunting of a key prey species: a case study on the Florida panther and white-tailed deer

1. Large carnivore restoration programs are often promoted as capable of providing ecosystem services. However, these programs rarely measure effects of successful restoration on other economically and ecologically important species. In South Florida, while the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) population has increased in recent years due to conservation efforts, the population of its main prey, the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), has declined in some regions. The extent to which panther predation has affected deer populations has been difficult to assess because several other factors have changed during this period, including hydrology and hunting regulations. 2. We collected known-fate survival data on 241 GPS-collared adult deer (156 females and 85 males) from 2015 to 2018 in the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge and the Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida, USA, to assess effects of panther predation on the deer population, while also evaluating the impacts of hunting and hydrology. 3. Predation was the primary cause of death (110 of 134 mortalities), and 87% of predation events were attributed to panthers, a much greater rate than reported by studies conducted before the panther genetic restoration effort initiated in 1995. One deer was legally harvested, and two were likely killed by poachers. Increasing water depth decreased female survival but had little impact on male survival, and drowning was never a cause of mortality. 4. Females had greater survival probability than males, except during fawning season. From 2015 to 2018, annual survival rates increased from 0.61 (0.52-0.70) to 0.86 (0.79-0.91) for females, and from 0.45 (95% CI: 0.33-0.58) to 0.79 (0.69-0.86) for males. 5. Synthesis and applications – High predation rates, coupled with previous evidence of low recruitment of deer in South Florida, suggest that it will be challenging to meet society's competing demands for large predator restoration and sustainable deer harvest. Deer hunting in the area must remain tightly controlled, for now, if it is to be sustainable, and managers should seek to mitigate effects of high waters and improve deer habitat quality to increase deer population viability. Future work should closely monitor the deer population to assess if management actions can increase vital rates and abundance in the context of high predation rates.

Fig. 9 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 9. Austrosphecodes tartarus sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (DZUP 568519). A. Head. B. Mesosoma. C. Propodeum and metasoma. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 8. Austrosphecodes orcus sp. nov. A–C. Paratype (DZUP 568527). D–F. Holotype, ♂ (DZUP 568538). A. Female head. B. Female mesosoma. C. Female propodeum and metasoma. D. Male head. E. Male mesosoma. F. Male propodeum and metasoma. G. Male metasomal sterna. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 7. Austrosphecodes lucifer sp. nov. A –C. Holotype, ♀ (DZUP 568517). D–F. Paratype, ♂. A. Female head. B. Female mesosoma. C. Female propodeum and metasoma. D. Male head. E. Male mesosoma. F. Male metasoma. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 10. Geographic records map. A in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 10. Geographic records map. A. Austrosphecodes asmodeus sp. nov., A. balrog sp. nov., A. brasiliensis (Schrottky, 1910). B. A. cerberus sp. nov., A gorgon sp. nov., A. inornatus (Schrottky, 1902). C. A. jurupari sp. nov., A. krampus sp. nov., A. lucifer sp. nov. D. A. minarum (Schrottky, 1910), A. orcus sp. nov., A. tartarus sp. nov.

Fig. 5 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 5. Austrosphecodes jurupari sp. nov., holotype ♂ (RPSP). A. Head and mesosoma, blue arrow: strigate vertex, red arrow: carinate anterior margin of mesoscutum. B. Propodeum and metasoma. C. Metasomal sterna. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 4. Austrosphecodes gorgon sp. nov. A–C. Holotype, ♀ (DZUP 568520). D–F. Paratype, ♂ (DZUP 568521). A. Female head. B. Female mesosoma. C. Female propodeum and metasoma. D. Male head. E. Male mesosoma. F. Male propodeum and metasoma. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 6. Austrosphecodes krampus sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (DZUP 568515). A. Head. B. Mesosoma. C. Propodeum and metasoma, red arrow: punctate terga. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 2. Austrosphecodes balrog sp. nov., holotype ♀ (DZUP 568513). A. Head. B. Mesosoma, red arrow: crowded punctures on anterior margin of mesoscutum. C. Propodeum and metasoma, red arrow: metapostnotum triangular. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in New species of the cuckoo bee genus Austrosphecodes Michener, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecodini) and a key for Brazilian species

Fig. 1. Austrosphecodes asmodeus sp. nov. A –C. Holotype, ♀ (DZUP 411614). D–F. Paratype, ♂ (DZUP 572413). A. Female head. B. Female mesosoma, red arrow: punctate anterior margin of mesoscutum. C. Female propodeum and metasoma, blue arrow: metapostnotum trapezoidal, red arrow: puncticulate terga. D. Male head. E. Male mesosoma. F. Male metasoma. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Review of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, with the description of a new cavernicolous species from the Western Caucasus and an updated key and distribution (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae)

Fig. 4. Caucaseuma strasseri Antić sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (IZB). Legs in anterior view. A. Leg-pair 1. B. Leg-pair 2. C. Leg-pair 3. D. Leg-pair 4. E. Leg-pair 5. F. Leg-pair 6. G. Leg-pair 7. H. Leg-pair 10. I. Leg-pair 11. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Review of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, with the description of a new cavernicolous species from the Western Caucasus and an updated key and distribution (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae)

Fig. 3. Caucaseuma strasseri Antić sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMW MY10260). SEM images of some habitual structures. A. Anterior part of the body, anterolateral view. B. Head, anterior view. C. Head, right side, lateral view. D. Left antennomeres 6 and 7, detail. E. Tip of right antenna. F. Right legs 1 and 2, anteroventral view. G. Ring 15, dorsal view. H. Posterior macrochaeta. Scale bars: A–B, G = 0.2 mm; C, E–F = 0.1 mm; D = 0.02 mm; H = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 7 in Review of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, with the description of a new cavernicolous species from the Western Caucasus and an updated key and distribution (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae)

Fig. 7. Anterior gonopods in the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, anterior views. A. C. elephantum Antić & Makarov, 2016. B. C. fanagoriyskaya Antić & Makarov, 2016. C. C. minellii Antić & Makarov, 2016. D. C. glabroscutum Antić & Makarov, 2016. E. C. kelasuri Antić & Makarov, 2016. F. C. lohmanderi Strasser, 1970. G. C. variabile Antić & Makarov, 2016. H. C. strasseri Antić sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (IZB). A–E, G after Antić & Makarov (2016), F after Strasser (1970). Scale bar = 0.3 mm for all, except for F (not to scale).

Fig. 6 in Review of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, with the description of a new cavernicolous species from the Western Caucasus and an updated key and distribution (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae)

Fig. 6. Caucaseuma strasseri Antić sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMW MY10260). SEM images of gonopods. A–F. Anterior gonopods, anterior, posterolateral, anterodistolateral, posterior, lateral and distal views, respectively. G–I. Posterior gonopods, anterior, lateral and posterior views, respectively. Abbreviations: A = angiocoxite; aA = anterior part of angiocoxite; bp = bone-like process of angiocoxite; Cv = coxal vesicle; Cx = coxite; pA = posterior part of angiocoxite; pp = posterior projection of angiocoxite; S = gonopodal sternum; Sp = sternal process; T = telopodite; tp = triangular process of angiocoxite. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.