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FIGURE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 2: Hysterium madraspatanum. a–d Ascomata on host surface. e–g Hamathecium. e–g Hamathecium of H. madraspatanum. h young developing ascus. i–j Ascus with biseriate ascospores. k Pseudoparaphyses. l young spore showing single septum. m–p Various stages of ascospores. Scale bars: a–b = 2 mm, c–d = 1 mm, e = 0.2 mm, f–g = 0.1 mm, h = 5 µm, i–j =10 µm, k =5µm, l–p = 10µm.

FIGURE 1 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 1: Hysterium madraspatanum. a Habit. b Ascospores. c Various stages of ascus with ascospores. d Pseudoparaphyses showing the branching pattern. Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm, b = 20 µm, c = 20 µm, d = 10 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 3. Phylogram generated from Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) analyses, based on ITS sequence dataset including 15 taxa representing Hysteriaceae. The new species is highlighted in red colour. Bayesian posterior probabilities above 1.0 are are represented at nodes.

opennotspecifiedDec 2023View details →

Fig. 4. Representative beetle species from Bosque Protector Jerusalem. A in Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in an Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest in Ecuador

Fig. 4. Representative beetle species from Bosque Protector Jerusalem. A) Psomus sp. (Curculionidae), new genus country record, B) Bostrichidae, C) Urgleptes sp. (Cerambycidae), D) Sericoderus sp. (Corylophidae), E–F) Kateretidae; G) Ablechrus sp. 1 (Melyridae), H) Ptinidae. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photo credits: GNDM.

opennotspecifiedDec 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in an Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest in Ecuador

Fig. 1. Maps showing Bosque Protector Jerusalém (yellow dot) situated within a remnant of Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest (blue) in the Guayllabamba Valley in Ecuador (left). The black lines represent province boundaries. The distribution of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in northern South America is displayed in pink (right). Details of the sampling sites are provided in Table 1. The shapefile of the SDTF was downloaded from the DRYFLOR website (www. dryflor.info/data).

opennotspecifiedDec 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in an Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest in Ecuador

Fig. 3. Sample-based rarefaction species accumulation curve at Bosque Protector Jerusalém. The shaded area represents 95% confidence intervals.

FIGURE 5 in Lactifluus foetens and Lf. albomembranaceus sp. nov. (Russulaceae): look-alike milkcaps from gallery forests in tropical Africa

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron microscope images of basidiospores of Lf. albomembranaceus (all from holotype EDC 12-046): a) overview, b) detail on basidiospores and Lf. foetens (all from holotype ADK 2840): c–d) detail on basidiospores (scale bars = 1 μm).

FIGURE 4 in Lactifluus foetens and Lf. albomembranaceus sp. nov. (Russulaceae): look-alike milkcaps from gallery forests in tropical Africa

FIGURE 4. Lf. albomembranaceus: section through the pileipellis (all from holotype EDC 12-046, scale bar = 10 μm). Illustration by K. Van de Putte.

FIGURE 2 in Lactifluus foetens and Lf. albomembranaceus sp. nov. (Russulaceae): look-alike milkcaps from gallery forests in tropical Africa

FIGURE 2. Basidiocarps of Lf. albomembranaceus: a) holotype EDC 12-046 (photo by E. De Crop) and b) ADK 4284 (photo by A. De Kesel) and Lf. foetens: c) ADK 4283 (photo by A. De Kesel) and d) AV 11-176 (photo by A. Verbeken).

FIGURE 3 in Lactifluus foetens and Lf. albomembranaceus sp. nov. (Russulaceae): look-alike milkcaps from gallery forests in tropical Africa

FIGURE 3. Lf. albomembranaceus: a) basidiocarps, b) pleuropseudocystidia, c) basidiospores, d) basidia, e) marginal cells (all from holotype EDC 12-046, scale bar = 10 μm). Illustrations by K. Van de Putte and S. De Wilde.

FIGURE 1 in Lactifluus foetens and Lf. albomembranaceus sp. nov. (Russulaceae): look-alike milkcaps from gallery forests in tropical Africa

FIGURE 1. Overview Maximum Likelihood tree of the Lactifluus subg. Gymnocarpi, based on concatenated ITS and LSU sequence data. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values>70 are shown.

FIGURE 3 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 3. Biogeographical regionalization and area relationships for the Mesoamerican dominion based Cluster analysis (Sorensen dissimilarity coefficient) of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells. Colours in the dendrogram correspond to those on the map and node labels correspond to the distance (dissimilarity) between clusters. (a) Caribbean sub-region, (b) Mesoamerican tropical rain forests, (c) Mesoamerican tropical dry forests.

FIGURE 4 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 4. Geographical patterns of species richness of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests for the Mesoamerican dominion, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells.

FIGURE 5 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 5. Geographical patterns of species endemism richness of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests for the Mesoamerican dominion, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells.

FIGURE 2 in Biogeographical identity of the Mesoamerican dominion with emphasis on seasonally dry tropical forests

FIGURE 2. Biogeographical regionalization and area relationships for the Neotropical region based Cluster analysis (Sorensen dissimilarity coefficient) of species of the seasonally dry tropical forests, on a grid of 0.5° × 0.5° grid-cells. Colours in the dendrogram correspond to those on the map and node labels correspond to the distance (dissimilarity) between clusters.

TABLE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

TABLE 2. Comparison of morphological characteristics, hosts information of closely related species to Hysterium madraspatanum.<table><tbody><tr><th>S. no Species</th><th>Ascomata</th><th>Exciple</th><th>Hamathecium</th><th>Asci</th><th>Ascospores</th><th>Hosts</th><th>Reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1.</th><td>H. barrianum</td><td>Ascomata atypically hysterithecioid, somewhat laterally compressed in the upper region, slightly connivent, sulcus very shallow, existing as a narrow rim, sides laterally striate, striae few and deep, straight to flexuous, sessile on the substrate, rarely bifurcating, taller than wide at maturity: 1–2.5 mm long × 250–450 μm high, 200–300 μm wide.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, cellular, 1–2 μm wide, branched above the ascal layer to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, short-stipitate, (110)125– 135 × 15–20 μm.</td><td>Phragmospores fusiform, narrow, hyaline and straight when young, becoming pale-yellow to lightly clear brown, and curved when mature, highly guttulate, with guttulae large, highly refractive, present in every cell, with (7–)9(–11) septa, measuring (35–)40–45(–55) × (7–)9–10(–12) μm when mature.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>2.</th><td>H. insidens</td><td>Fruiting bodies single or in groups, embedded or erumpent, elongated, linear, tapering towards the ends, straight, not branched, up to 2.4 × 0.26 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, branched, with thickened tips, forming an epitheciurn above the asci.</td><td>Asci broad to cylindrical, 8 spored, irregularly biseriate, 140–150 × 18–23 μm.</td><td>Ascospores golden to dark brown, fusiform to oblong, phragmosporous, most commonly with 7 or 8 transverse septa, often Salvia mellifera constricted at median septum, middle cell usually swollen, 28 –35 × 10–12 μm.</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>3.</th><td>H. velloziae</td><td>Fruiting bodies arranged in evenly distributed groups, embedded or erumpent, broad to ellipsoid with almost abrupt ends, slit broad, straight, not branched, up to 1.2 × 0.5 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, filiform, not thickened much at the tips, branched to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci irregularly biseriate, broad cylindrical, 8 spored, 130–140 × 20–25 μm.</td><td>Ascospores light brown with dark brown septa, fusiform, phragmosporous, 13–21 septate, most commonly 14 or 15 septate, 45–50(60) × 10–12 (14) μm.</td><td>-</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>4.</th><td>H. angustatum</td><td>Hysterothecia superficial with base immersed, carbonaceous, black, subglobose to elongate, straight or flexuous, smooth laterally, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus shallow, gregarious, lying at irregular angles, without KOH Extractable pigment 0.2–1.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, 0.1–0.3 mm high.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, septate, hyaline, branched short pedicillate, 8 spored, above the asci, 1–1.5 µm irregularly biseriate, wide. 57.5–88 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores 16–30 x 4–8.5 µm, 3- septate (rarely 4-septate), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Platanus occidentalis, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior.</td><td>Jayasiri S. C. et al. 2018.</td></tr><tr><th>5.</th><td>H. citricola</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, The wall lined by black hard and opening by narrow long slit thick walled cells. measuring from 1537–1762 × 450 –787 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching forming the epithecium at apex</td><td>Asci hyaline to slightly yellow in colour, arises from the basal hymenium layer which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 118–170 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, Citri limon oblong to ellipsoid measuring from 20–26 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966</td></tr><tr><th>6.</th><td>H. lantanae</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic, black and hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 1300–1470 × 450 –525 µm from the basal hymenium layer.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphysate, paraphyses occasionally branched forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 125–145 × 7–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally four celled, hyaline first, later changing Lantana camara to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 24–30 × 8–9.6 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>7.</th><td>H. tamarindi</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 700–1560 × 285–435 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at the apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate 8 spored measuring from 156–210 × 9–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour,</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled which ultimately become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 19–30 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tamarindus indica</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>8.</th><td>H. memecyli</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and, opening by narrow long slit, measuring from 700–900 × 450–550 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 200–240 × 8–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 29–32 × 7–9 µm.</td><td>Memecylon edule</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>9.</th><td>H. celastrinum</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 350–750 × 150–250 µm.</td><td>The wall is lined by thick walled cells and measures from 20–30 × 8 –12 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer originate asci which are parallel, bitunicate cylindrical to ctavate 8 spored, measuring from 60–75 × 5–6 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged. 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 26.1– 29 × 5.8–9 µm.</td><td>Celastrus paniculatus</td><td>Tilak 1963.</td></tr><tr><th>10.</th><td>H. hyalinum</td><td>Asomata hysteriaceous, i.e they are elongate with a central narrow fissure, black, carbonaceous and remain closed when wet.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>The asci of the species measures 95–110 × 15 µm.</td><td>Ascospores become pale brown when matured, occasionally, they are 4 or 5 septate.</td><td>Populus</td><td>Cooke et al. 1875.</td></tr><tr><th>11.</th><td>H. pulicare</td><td>Ascostromata 500–2000 × 300–500(–700) µm, 200–300 µm tall, erumpent through bark Peridium with lateral or appearing superficial on wood where the walls 50–90 µm thick, bark is lost, elongate, narrowly elliptical to composed of very fusiform in outline, straight or irregularly dark, near opaque, curved, ovate to doliiform in vertical thick walled brown section, constricted at the base, scattered to black cells, basal or gregarious, superficial or nearly so, dull region similar, with a black, with a conspicuous longitudinal layer of hyaline thin cleft and often with inconspicuous parallel walled cells 40–50 striations, the cleft gradually widening to µm thick forming the expose the hymenium, which is coloured cavity floor. dark brown by the ascospores and encrusted paraphysoids.</td><td>Interascal tissue of paraphysoids ca 1.5 µm diam, filiform with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth, sparsely septate, branched and sometimes anastomosed, exceeding the asci and plugging the ascomatal slit when dry, occasionally with slight apical encrustation where exposed.</td><td>Asci (75–) 100–120 × 17–24 µm, cylindrical-clavate, stalked, tapering to a rounded or irregular base, thick-walled, fissitunicate, apex rounded, 8 spored, arising in parallel from the cavity floor.</td><td>Ascospores 26–37 × 7–12 µm, 3 septate (very rarely 4 septate), end cells much paler (near-hyaline), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>12.</th><td>H. petiolare</td><td>Hysterothecia 0.5 –1.0 × 0.2–0.4 mm, separate and in subparallel rows, ostiole prominent, frequently with a distinct rim surrounding its base giving a hat-shaped appearance to the fructification.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>spores hyaline, filiform, non-septate, 40–55 × 1.5 µm.</td><td>Rhus glabra and Quercus</td><td>Lowy B 1949.</td></tr><tr><th>13.</th><td>H. rhizophorae</td><td>Peridium 25–75 (x Saprobic on decaying wood of Ascomata = 50 μm, n = 5)μm hysterothecial, 650–2100 μm long (x = 1060 wide, carbonaceous, μm, n = 5), 100–400 μm high, 170–200 μm comprising an outer wide (x = 243 × 199 μm, n = 5), erumpent layer of dark brown to superficial with base immersed, solitary cells of textura to gregarious, straight to flexuous, ellipsoid globosa and aninner or elongate, with pointed ends, opening by a layer of hyaline to depressed longitudinal slit, invertical section pale brown cells of sub-globose to globose, carbonaceous, black. textura globosa.</td><td>Ascospores 10–17 × 3–5 μm (x = 14 × 4 μm, n = 30), overlapping Pseudoparaphyses Asci 40–65 × 6–12 μm (x = biseriate, light brown, ellipsoidal, 1–2 μm (n = 30) wide, 48 × 10 μm, n = 20),8 spored, straight to slightly curved, with cellular, septate, flexuous, bitunicate, cylindric to 3 transverse septa, often slightly branched. claviform, short pedicellate. constricted at the median septum, with or without guttules.</td><td>Rhizophora apiculata and Aegiceras corniculatum</td><td>Devdatha et al. 2018</td></tr><tr><th>14.</th><td>H. calabash</td><td>Apothecia gregarious in little clusters on the substratum, straight or curved, reaching a length of 1 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Asci clavate, reaching a length of 70 μm and a diameter of 10 μm.</td><td>8 spored; spores fusoid, 3 septate, slightly constricted at the septa, pale-brown, about 18 × 8 μm.</td><td>Crescentia cujete and Lagenaria siceraria</td><td>Seaver, F. J. 1924.</td></tr></tbody></table>......continued on the next page......continued on the next page

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Is tropical montane forest heterogeneity promoted by a resource-driven feedback cycle? Evidence from nutrient relations, herbivory and litter decomposition along a topographical gradient

1. Ridges of tropical mountains often differ strikingly from neighbouring ravines in terms of forest structure, productivity, and species composition. This heterogeneity is poorly understood despite its critical role in biodiversity maintenance, carbon and nutrient budgets. 2. We examined measures of tree biomass and productivity, foliage and litter quality (nutrient concentrations, specific leaf mass, phenolics), herbivory and leaf litter decomposition in each six plots laid out in upper and lower slope position in a tropical montane moist forest in southeastern Ecuador. 3. Productivity, quality of foliage and litter and herbivory were significantly lower in upper slope position and closely correlated with soil nutrient concentrations and accumulated humus. The decomposition of upper slope leaf litter (decomposition rate k) was substantially lower than in litter from lower slope forest, whereas the site of decomposition (slope position) only had a marginal effect on the decomposition rate. 4. Our results suggest that the differences in stand structure, productivity, foliar quality, herbivory and decomposition between slope positions are ultimately due to stronger nutrient limitations in upper slope forest. We propose a general conceptual model that explains origin and maintenance of contrasting forest types along topographical gradients through down-slope fluxes of nutrients and water, and a nutrient-driven positive feedback cycle.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Commonness, rarity and oligarchies of woody plants in the tropical dry forests of Mexico

We assessed woody plant communities in two widely separated forests in the tropical dry forest (TDF) biome of Mexico for evidence of similar patterns of species commonness and rarity. We used belt transects laid out along contour lines (i.e., constant elevation) and stratified across elevation gradients at sites in Jalisco and Oaxaca to sample woody plant species diversity, abundance, relative frequency and basal area. We assembled a combined species list and compared species found in both sites (shared) to species found in only one site, assessing whether the most and least common species at a site tended to be shared or unshared. Of the 8242 individuals sampled, 370 species or morpho-species were identified, with 222 species recorded at the Jalisco site and 270 at the Oaxaca site—122 (33%) species were shared across sites. Abundance, frequency and basal area of shared species were greater on average than for unshared species, and were positively correlated across sites. A subset of 68 shared species (18%) accounted for over half of all individuals encountered at the two sites. Species in the most common quartile were more likely to be shared than expected by chance, while species in the least common quartile were less likely. A genus-level analysis found similar patterns. Our findings suggest that the TDF of Pacific coast Mexico shows evidence of widespread dominance by a small subset of species. These findings have potentially important implications for predicting species composition, understanding the role of oligarchic species in ecological processes, and conserving rare species.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Rainfall seasonality predicts the germination behaviour of a tropical dry-forest vine

Seed dormancy is considered an adaptive strategy in seasonal and/or unpredictable environments because it prevents germination during climatically favourable periods that are too short for seedling establishment. Tropical dry forests are seasonal environments where seed dormancy may play an important role in plant resilience and resistance to changing precipitation patterns. We studied the germination behaviour of seeds from six populations of the Neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) originating from environments of contrasting rainfall seasonality. Seeds produced by second greenhouse-generation plants were measured and exposed to a favourable wet environment at different time intervals after capsule dehiscence and dispersal. We recorded the success and the timing of germination. All populations produced at least some dormant seeds, but seeds of populations originating from more seasonal environments required longer periods of after-ripening before germinating. Within populations, larger seeds tended to require longer after-ripening periods than did smaller seeds. These results indicate among-population genetic differences in germination behaviour and suggest that these populations are adapted to local environmental conditions. They also suggest a role of seed size in germination timing within populations. Ongoing changes in seasonality patterns in tropical dry forests may impose strong selection on these traits.