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FIGURES 11‒13. 11 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 11‒13. 11: gene trees for COI; 12: gene trees for 16S; and 13: species trees from *BEAST analysis of data from Thanoosing (2017) displayed using Densitree. Each plot shows the background density of trees from samples of 10,000 Bayesian trees, with the summary 'root canal' tree superimposed as a thick line, and the branches exclusively linking samples of B. kluanensis s. l. (#4850, 4869, 4870, 4873) traced in red.

FIGURES 129‒137 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 129‒137. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Alpinobombus from the dorsal aspect, anterior to the left of the image, posterior to the right: 129 B. alpinus (#3824); 130 B pyrrhopygus (#3833); 131 B. polaris (#73); 132 B. balteatus (#3843); 133 B. kirbiellus (#3768); 134 B. neoboreus (#4387); 135 B. kluanensis (#4876); 136 B. natvigi (#81); 137 B. hyperboreus (#3821).

FIGURES 22‒38. 22 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 22‒38. 22: Bombus pyrrhopygus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 23‒38 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 23 (#4707) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 24 (#337) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 25 (#273) Sweden; 26 (#272) Sweden; 27 (#250) Sweden; 28 (#249) Sweden; 29 (#258) Sweden; 30 (#4709) Russia-Murmansk; 31 (#257) Sweden; 32 (#4711) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 33 (#4712) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 34 (#4713) Russia-Arkhangelsk; 35 (#242) Norway; 36 (#139) Sweden; 37 (#4710) Norway; 38 (#1375) Russia-Murmansk.

FIGURES 59‒76. 59 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 59‒76. 59: Bombus balteatus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 60‒76 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 60 (#540) Russia-Krasnoyask; 61 (#119) Sweden; 62 (#541) Russia-Krasnoyarsk; 63 (#542) Russia-Krasnoyarsk; 64 (#117) Mongolia; 65 (#534) Russia-Kamchatka; 66 (#3841) Norway; 67 (#738) Russia-Kamchatka; 68 (#971) Russia- Kamchatka; 69 (#535) Russia-Kamchatka; 70 (#973) Russia-Kamchatka; 71 (#880) Russia-Kamchatka; 72 (#536) Russia-Kamchatka; 73 (#228) Norway; 74 (#392) Sweden; 75 (#3843) Norway; 76 (#538) Russia-Kamchatka.

FIGURES 15‒21. 15 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 15‒21. 15: Bombus alpinus global distribution shown with: grey spots for specimens examined; black spots for samples with COI barcodes; question marks for uncertain records at low elevation and low latitude; and grey crosses for records of all species of Alpinobombus combined (Alpinobombus species are unknown from the southern hemisphere). Relief map with hill shading, Polar projection, the international boundaries and the Arctic Circle are shown as narrow grey lines, and the northern tree line shown as a broad grey line. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap which is Copyright: © 2014 Esri. 16‒21: simplified colour-pattern diagrams for the dorsal hair, with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow. Figure (AL#n) country: 16 (#14) Sweden; 17 (#113) Sweden; 18 (#3785) Austria; 19 (#3787) Austria; 20 (#3788) Austria; 21 (#141) Norway.

FIGURES 104‒115. 104 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 104‒115. 104: Bombus kluanensis global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 105‒115 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 105 (#4473) Canada-Yukon; 106 (#4689) Canada-Yukon; 107 (#16) Canada-Yukon; 108 (#4393) USA-Alaska; 109 (#4466) Canada-Yukon; 110 (#4700) Canada-Yukon; 111 (#3130) Canada-Yukon; 112 (#4876) Canada-Yukon; 113 (#4882) Canada- Yukon; 114 (#4852) Canada-Yukon; 115 (#4881) Canada-Yukon.

FIGURES 1‒6 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 1‒6. Lateral views of foraging females (queens) of species of the subgenus Alpinobombus (with photo credits): 1, B. alpinus, Norway (A. Staverløkk); 2, B. pyrrhopygus, Sweden (G. Holmström); 3, B. polaris, Canada (B. Heinrich); 4, B. balteatus, Sweden (G. Holmström); 5, B. kirbiellus, USA (D. Wilson); 6, B. hyperboreus, Sweden (L.-I. Larsson). Some images reversed.

FIGURES 124‒128. 124 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 124‒128. 124: Bombus hyperboreus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 125‒128 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒ 21): 125 (#39) Russia-Chukotka (Wrangel Island); 126 (#33) Russia-Magadan; 127 (#1258) Russia-Murmansk; 128 (#533) Russia-Sakha.

FIGURES 39‒58. 39 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 39‒58. 39: Bombus polaris global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 40‒58 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 40 (#4380) Canada-Labrador; 41 (#4396) USA-Alaska; 42 (#3856) Canada-Nunavut; 43 (#59) USA-Alaska; 44 (#43) Denmark- Greenland; 45 (#4740) Denmark-Greenland; 46 (#4407) USA-Alaska; 47 (#334) USA-Alaska; 48 (#285) Canada-Nunavut; 49 (#4383) USA-Alaska; 50 (#44) Denmark-Greenland; 51 (#19) Canada-Northwest Territories; 52 (#4401) USA-Alaska; 53 (#4403) USA-Alaska; 54 (#4884) Canada-Yukon; 55 (#4405) USA-Alaska; 56 (#4384) USA-Alaska; 57 (#4951) USA-Alaska; 58 (#29) Canada-Manitoba.

FIGURES 116‒123. 116 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 116‒123. 116: Bombus natvigi global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 117‒123 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 117 (#3519) Canada-Nunavut; 118 (#184) Canada-Nunavut; 119 (#3551) Canada-Nunavut; 120 (#3546) Canada-Nunavut; 121 (#79) USA-Alaska; 122 (#3557) Canada-Northwest Territories; 123 (#82) Canada-Northwest Territories.

FIGURE 9 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURE 9. Estimate of the metric gene tree for the 54 longest unique COI-barcode alleles of the subgenus Alpinobombus from MrBayes combined with the Bayesian Poisson-tree-process (PTP) solution with the highest support with spots showing the nodes with the strongest support as coalescents for candidate species (outgroup B. ignitus not shown). Values above the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support for groups; values below the nodes are PTP Bayesian support values that all daughter alleles are parts of a single species (probabilities within candidate species are all ≤ 0.44). The scale bar is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. Each unique allele is represented by one of the longest available sample sequences, labelled with: the sequence length in number of nucleotides, a taxon name or name describing an unpublished colour pattern, and then a code that consists of a specimen identifier (AL#n) from the project database and (after the hyphen) a sample identifier from BOLD or GenBank, followed with its geographic origin (for simplicity Greenland is included without Denmark).

FIGURE 14 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURE 14. Assigning names to candidate species in a COI gene tree for the 235 specimens of the subgenus Alpinobombus with sequences. Based on the MrBayes analysis of all of the 54 longest unique alleles in Fig. 9, with the remaining sequences interpolated back into the tree with 0 branch lengths from their matching samples (where a sequence matches more than one longer sequence within a species in the Collapse results, it is arbitrarily added after the first matching sequence). The sequence labels follow the format used in Fig. 9. Lineages with high probabilities of representing candidate species in the Poisson-tree-process (PTP) results (Fig. 9) are shown as thick branches with the most recent common ancestors (coalescents) of each candidate species shown with a black spot, the branches within candidate species shown as thin branches. Asterisks mark samples used as informal proxies for the type specimens of each of the taxon names in Table 2. The proxy sample for the type specimen for the oldest available name (the valid name) for each candidate species (from Fig. 9) is marked in bold.

FIGURE 8. Diagram representing a in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURE 8. Diagram representing a corridor-dispersal model, encompassing a set of the short-distance dispersal events permitted (in either direction) between the areas defined in Table 5 (including the outgroup B. ignitus), based on their geographical proximity and the likely disposition of suitable habitat and favourable climates in the past (see the text).

FIGURES 89‒103. 89 in The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species' gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

FIGURES 89‒103. 89: Bombus neoboreus global distribution (as for Fig. 15). 90‒103 colour patterns (as for Figs. 16‒21): 90 (#68) USA-Alaska; 91 (#4706) Canada-Nunavut; 92 (#3816) Canada-Yukon; 93 (#3819) USA-Alaska; 94 (#2055) Canada-Nunavut; 95 (#2058) Canada-Nunavut; 96 (#2071) Canada-Nunavut; 97 (#2051) Canada-Nunavut; 98 (#4406) Canada-Nunavut; 99 (#90) Canada-Nunavut; 100 (#92) Canada-Nunavut; 101 (#93) Canada-Yukon; 102 (#3762) Canada-Nunavut; 103 (#91) Canada-Nunavut.

Fig. 2 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species

Fig. 2. Heat knock-down results for the three regimes (C, L, A) of two populations (Kaserstattalm, Pfitscherjoch). Colours indicate the temperature at which the flies were reared in the generation used for testing knock-down performance. Significances based on analyses of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests (n = 875, alpha = 0.05) are indicated by lower-case letters. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species

Fig. 4. Ecological niche modelling of habitable area of Drosophila nigrosparsa for pre-current, immanent, proximate, and distant future. (a) Multi-model consensus predictions of precurrent and future high emission scenarios (SRES A2 and RCP8.5). (b) PNO profiles for different time periods (pre-current, 2020s, 2030s, 2080s) scaled according to the suitable area based on the MTP (whole distribution area) and MTSS (core area) as well as histograms of frequencies of available altitude in the study region. For details, see Section 2.6 and Supporting Information S1.

Fig. 1 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species

Fig. 1. Overview of experiments. Years 2012–2016 with months abbreviated; G1-G20…generation number for selection regimes, L and A; controls C developed more slowly resulting in a difference of one generation at Generation 19 of the selection regimes; coll…collecting of flies in two populations, Kaserstattalm and Pfitscherjoch; breeding…flies were reared at a fluctuating ambient temperature mimicking natural daily conditions; red upward pointing arrow…increasing the ambient temperature by 0.5 ̊C for L and A; KD…artificial selection of A in heat knock-down tube; N14…founding of lines using fresh flies collected from the field in 2014 to test for possible laboratory adaptation; s… replicate lines from each regime were combined to create new synthetic lines to control for possible inbreeding effects; larv…assays of egg-to-adult viability and wing size in non-competitive and competitive situations; w…upscaling of lines and switches to the opposed rearing temperature (L and A switched to C rearing temperature; C to L = A rearing temperature) in addition to keeping the lines at the rearing temperatures corresponding to their regime; *…for evaluating progress in selection response, heat resistance was measured as knock-down temperature under gradual heating, and for safeguarding against unexpected loss of genetic diversity during the selection experiments, three polymorphic microsatellite loci were analysed; sim… simulating technical defect of climate chamber that occurred in previous generation for evaluating validity of data for that generation; horizontal bars denote replicate fly lines of the three regimes, i.e., C…control; L…laboratory natural selection (in Generation 14, one replicate each of L from Kaserstattalm and Pfitscherjoch were lost); A…artificial selection combined with laboratory natural selection; blue…fluctuating ambient temperature mimicking natural daily conditions (control temperature); red…increased ambient temperature (selection temperature). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species

Fig. 3. Egg-to-adult viability and wing size under non-competitive and competitive situations. (a) Egg-to-adult viability of the three regimes (C, L, A) under regular larval density. Significances based on analyses of variance (n = 30). (b) Wing size of the three regimes separately for females and males under regular larval density. Significances based on analyses of variance (n = 374). (c) Inter-regime competition (increased larval density). Output proportion of C relative to L and A at end of experiment (adults) plotted against input proportion of C relative to L and A at beginning of experiment (eggs). Dashed line: theoretical 45̊ equilibrium line on which output proportion equals input proportion. Significance values based on Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests calculated separately for each output proportion by comparison with corresponding value of theoretical equilibrium line (n = 10 for all tests except for C against A at input ratio 0.25, for which n = 9). (d) Wing size at inter-regime competition of different ratios. Females are shown as solid lines, males as dashed lines. Significance values at alpha = 0.05 are indicated by lower-case letters (a, b) and * (c).

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Figs. 2–10 in The enigmatic Alpine opilionid Saccarella schilleri gen. n., sp. n. (Arachnida: Nemastomatidae)-isolated systematic placement inferred from comparative genital morphology

Figs. 2–10 Generic differences versus interspecific differences in male genital morphology of Nemastomatinae showing penial glans and stylus. Species shown have been assigned to their "correct" respective genus in a molecular phylogenetic analysis including 28S rRNA and cytochrome b (see Schönhofer and Martens 2010); all Figs from Martens (1978; respective Fig.-no. in parentheses); 1–2: dorsal; 3–9: ventral; 2: Nemastoma bimaculatum (Fig. 124); 3: Nemastoma lugubre (Fig. 136); 4: Nemastoma bidentatum (Fig. 147); 5: Carinostoma carinatum (Fig. 195); 6: Carinostoma elegans (Fig. 202); 7: Paranemastoma silli (Fig. 177); 8: Paranemastoma quadripunctatum (Fig. 155); 9: Histricostoma argenteolunulatum (Fig. 190); 10: Histricostoma dentipalpe (Fig. 184)