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Figure 6 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 6. Ontogenetic development of pedicle foramen of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A, B, juvenile with unrestricted pedicle notch, note raised propareas (arrows), ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-09; C, D, juvenile with unrestricted pedicle notch, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-17; E–G, semicircular pedicle foramen soon to be enclosed, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-05; H, raised propareas (arrows), ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-11; I–L, pedicle foramen, just enclosed with very short intertrough, XYB S4-3 AU-07; M, N, adult with enclosed pedicle foramen, showing the successive growth of propareas at the posterior margin of the metamorphic shell (arrow), ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-01; O, enclosed pedicle foramen is mostly outside the metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-07.
Figure 4 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 4. Ornamentation and ultrastructure of the earliest ontogeny of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A, enlarged ventral apex, note pronounced halo (arrow) and drape structures (tailed arrow), ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-08; B, oblique lateral view of A, showing the pedicle foramen (arrow) and protegulum (tailed arrow); C, posterior view of ventral apex, show enclosed pedicle foramen outside of metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-01; D, enlarged dorsal apex, note pronounced halo (arrow) and drape structures (tailed arrow), ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-15 E, obliquely lateral view of D, showing the protegulum (tailed arrow) and two pairs of larval setal sacs (arrows); F, evenly distributed pitting structures on metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-13; G, enlargement of F; H, growth lines and drape structures on post-metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-13.
Figure 5 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 5. Internal morphology and ultrastructure of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A, enlarged ventral posterior end, showing cardinal muscle scars (arrows) and paired vascula lateralia (tailed arrows), ELI-XYB S4- 3 AU-07; B, oblique lateral view of A; C, enlarged ventral posterior end, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-07; D, lateral view of dorsal posterior end, noting cardinal muscle scars by arrows, XYB S4-3 AV-18; E, enlarged dorsal pseudointerarea and median buttress, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-12; F, enlargement of the terminal of median buttress of E, note weakly developed median septum; G, fine pores on the exterior of columnar lamella by exfoliation of the primary layer, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-09; H, I, one layer of the secondary columnar structures on valve margin, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-09, XYB S4-3 AU-07; J, K, remaining base of columns after exfoliation of the covering lamella of H; L, one lamella of very short secondary columns, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-08; M, re-crystallization of the columns, note hollow in the centre, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-13.
Figure 3 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 3. Ontogenetic development of dorsal valve of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A–D, juvenile with rudiment median buttress, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-19; E–G, larger valve with developed median buttress, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-12; G, oblique lateral view showing weakly developed median septum (arrow); H–K, adult valve with weakly developed median septum, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-18.
Figure 1 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 1. Palaeogeographic map and fossil localities in southern Shaanxi and western Hubei, South China (modified from Z.-F. Zhang et al. 2016), noting the Xiaoyangba and Aijiahe sections.
Figure 2 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 2. Ontogenetic development of ventral valve of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A–H, ventral valves demonstrating pedicle foramen forming stage (T1); A–D, juvenile with unrestricted pedicle notch, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-06; E–H, small valve with pedicle opening, ELI-XYB S4s-3 AV-04; I–P, ventral valves demonstrating pedicle foramen-enclosing stage (T2); I–L, adult with enclosed pedicle foramen, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-01; L, interior view, noting vascula lateralia (tailed arrow); M–P, larger valve with very short intertrough, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-08.
Data from: Brachiopods from the Byrd Group (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4), Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica
Brachiopods from Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4 carbonate strata of the Byrd Group in the Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica, are described for the first time. These include six lingulate, one paterinate, and one rhynchonelliform taxa, including the new lingulate brachiopod <i>Plicarmus wildi</i> gen. et sp. nov. The assemblage correlates closely to the brachiopods recently reported from the Xinji Formation (Shuiyu section) in North China, as well as brachiopods recovered from the <i>Dailyatia odyssei</i> Zone across the Arrowie Basin of South Australia. The first unambiguous example of the acrotretid brachiopod <i>Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis</i> Li and Holmer 2004 outside South China is also identified in the context of its ontogenetic stages. Well preserved specimens of the acrotheloid <i>Schizopholis yorkensis</i> (Holmer and Ushatinskaya in Gravestock et al., 2001) facilitates a new reconstruction of its musculature and visceral region. This data is synthesised into a new cladistic analysis that resolves Acrotheloidea as a well-supported monophyletic clade and supports previous notions of a morphocline in acrotheloid evolution.
Data from: Wide gape in the Ordovician brachiopod Rafinesquina explains how unattached filter-feeding strophomenoids thrived on muddy substrates
<p>Strophomenoid brachiopods had thin, concavo-convex shells, were ubiquitous colonisers of Paleozoic muddy seafloors, and are hypothesised to have filter-fed in a concave upward orientation. This orientation would elevate their line of commissure out of potentially lethal lophophore-clogging mud. The paradox is that epibiont distributions on strophomenoids support a convex-upward life position, as do studies of strophomenoid stability and trace fossils formed by strophomenoid sediment-clearing. A premise of the concave-upward orientation hypothesis is a narrow gape, which causes narrow, high velocity inhalant currents, leaving strophomenoids vulnerable to sediment entrainment. Herein we investigate the gape angle of Rafinesquina using serial thin sections and peels, silicified specimens, computer modelling, SEM analysis, X-ray microCT, and 3-D printing. Hinge line structure suggests that, conservatively, Rafinesquina could gape 40–45°. Such a gape occurred when diductor muscle contraction could not cause any further rotation, hinge teeth and crenulations were disengaged, and interareas interlocked. In contrast, when closed, hinge teeth were locked in hinge sockets. This wide gape eliminates constraints on feeding orientation. In either convex-up or concave-up orientation, Rafinesquina could feed with slow, diffuse inhalant currents incapable of disturbing sediment, and could snap valves shut to forcefully expel enough water to clear sediment from the mantle cavity, explaining moat-shaped trace fossils associated with shells. Our findings demonstrate that Rafinesquina gaped at an angle approximately equal to the angle between the two interareas when the valves are closed. Our analyses also hint that other strophomenoids with similar interarea angles lived with their shells widely agape.</p>
Supplementary data Guo et al. Brachiopod morphological evolution
<p>Supplementary Data and Code of Guo et al. (2024, Nature Ecology & Evolution)</p> <p>Contents:</p> <p>1. The folder 'Morphological_data' includes the compiled morphological matrices, calculated distance matrices, and calculated disparities.<br>The distance matrices and disparities can be used to plot figures.<br>References used to encode continuous characters are provided in the Morphological_data_origination.xlsx.<br>For a detailed description of characters, see Supplementary Information of the paper.</p> <p>2. The folder 'Original_data' includes occurrences downloaded from the PBDB and Permian-Jurassic occurrences added by Guo et al. (2023).</p> <p>3. The folder 'R_script' includes functions and scripts to perform the analysis.</p> <p>4. The folder 'Revised_data' includes the revised occurrence data.</p>
TEXT-FIGURE 3. Scatterplots of morphometric measurements of Thecidellina leipnitzae sp. nov. Abbreviations: L, length; W, width; LDV, length of dorsal valve; T (max), maximal thickness; Lint, length of the interarea, Wint, width of hinge line or interarea. Relationships between ratios L/W and width, LDV/W and width, T(max)/W and width, Lint/W and width and Wint/W and width. Linear regression and regression coefficient (R²) indicated. The regression coefficient (R²) is indicated. N is the number of specimens measured. in Recent thecideide brachiopods from a submarine cave in the Department of Mayotte (France), northern Mozambique Channel
TEXT-FIGURE 3. Scatterplots of morphometric measurements of Thecidellina leipnitzae sp. nov. Abbreviations: L, length; W, width; LDV, length of dorsal valve; T (max), maximal thickness; Lint, length of the interarea, Wint, width of hinge line or interarea. Relationships between ratios L/W and width, LDV/W and width, T(max)/W and width, Lint/W and width and Wint/W and width. Linear regression and regression coefficient (R²) indicated. The regression coefficient (R²) is indicated. N is the number of specimens measured.
TEXT-FIGURE 2. Precisions on some dorsal internal terms used for the thecideoid brachiopods (Ospreyella mayottensis sp. nov., MNHN-IB-2017-179). Abbreviations: ibl, interbrachial lobe, i.e. the lobes occurring between the main arms of the lopho- phore in Ospreyella in particular; ibr, intrabrachial ridge, i.e. the ridges immediately within the main arms of the lophophore and which define the brachial lobes; lg, lophophore groove, i.e. the groove that accommodates the main arms of the lophophore; pbr, peribrachial ridge, i.e. the ridge that encloses the outer margins of the main arms of the lophophore. in Recent thecideide brachiopods from a submarine cave in the Department of Mayotte (France), northern Mozambique Channel
TEXT-FIGURE 2. Precisions on some dorsal internal terms used for the thecideoid brachiopods (Ospreyella mayottensis sp. nov., MNHN-IB-2017-179). Abbreviations: ibl, interbrachial lobe, i.e. the lobes occurring between the main arms of the lopho- phore in Ospreyella in particular; ibr, intrabrachial ridge, i.e. the ridges immediately within the main arms of the lophophore and which define the brachial lobes; lg, lophophore groove, i.e. the groove that accommodates the main arms of the lophophore; pbr, peribrachial ridge, i.e. the ridge that encloses the outer margins of the main arms of the lophophore.
TEXT-FIGURE 4. Minutella cf. minuta (Cooper, 1981), "La Passe bateau" off the south-west coast of Mayotte Island. (1a–e) MNHN-IB-2017-173. a–d. Juvenile articulated specimen in dorsal, oblique lateral, posterior oblique views, and close-up of the posterior part of the shell (the protegulum is clearly limited by a step-like growth line and its surface is slightly granular; the rugideltidium is already well developed whereas the interarea remains reduced). e. Dorsal valve interior in plan view (early ju- venile stage in the ontogeny of the dorsal valve). (2a–c) MNHN-IB-2017-174: dorsal valve interior with well-preserved spicular canopies in plan and oblique posterior views, and close-up of the spicular canopy. (3) MNHN-IB-2017-175: articulated speci- men (young stage of growth). (4) MNHN-IB-2017-176: dorsal valve interior of a young specimen in plan view. in Recent thecideide brachiopods from a submarine cave in the Department of Mayotte (France), northern Mozambique Channel
TEXT-FIGURE 4. Minutella cf. minuta (Cooper, 1981), "La Passe bateau" off the south-west coast of Mayotte Island. (1a–e) MNHN-IB-2017-173. a–d. Juvenile articulated specimen in dorsal, oblique lateral, posterior oblique views, and close-up of the posterior part of the shell (the protegulum is clearly limited by a step-like growth line and its surface is slightly granular; the rugideltidium is already well developed whereas the interarea remains reduced). e. Dorsal valve interior in plan view (early ju- venile stage in the ontogeny of the dorsal valve). (2a–c) MNHN-IB-2017-174: dorsal valve interior with well-preserved spicular canopies in plan and oblique posterior views, and close-up of the spicular canopy. (3) MNHN-IB-2017-175: articulated speci- men (young stage of growth). (4) MNHN-IB-2017-176: dorsal valve interior of a young specimen in plan view.
FIGURE 3 in A taxonomic review of the brachiopod genus Australocoelia (Boucot & Gill, 1956) in the Devonian of Brazil
FIGURE 3. Australocoelia palmata (Morris & Sharpe, 1846). A—Internal ventral mold. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0680-BQ; B—Internal dorsal mold. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0057-BQ; C—External dorsal mold. Pimenteira Formation. UNIRIO 0746-BQ; D—External dorsal mold. Pimenteira Formation. UNIRIO 0746-BQ (Cast in modeling clay); E—Cardinalia consisting of a unilobed cardinal process, terminally swollen. Crural plates lateral to the cardinal process. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0730-BQ (Cast in modeling clay). Scale=10 mm.
FIGURE 4. Australocoelia boucoti, n in A taxonomic review of the brachiopod genus Australocoelia (Boucot & Gill, 1956) in the Devonian of Brazil
FIGURE 4. Australocoelia boucoti, n. sp. A—Internal ventral mold. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0531-BQ; B—Internal ventral mold. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0749-BQ; C—Internal dorsal mold. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0750- BQ; D—Internal dorsal mold. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0641-BQ; E—Cardinalia consisting of a unilobed cardinal process, terminally swollen. Crural plates lateral to the cardinal process. Ponta Grossa Formation. UNIRIO 0750-BQ (Cast in modeling clay). Scale=10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A taxonomic review of the brachiopod genus Australocoelia (Boucot & Gill, 1956) in the Devonian of Brazil
FIGURE 2. Modified from Ponciano et al. (2012). Map of the studied localities where the fossils were collected. 1—Mucambo outcrop, 2—Picos 2 outcrop, 3—Riachão outcrop
FIGURE 1 in A taxonomic review of the brachiopod genus Australocoelia (Boucot & Gill, 1956) in the Devonian of Brazil
FIGURE 1. Modified from Grahn et al. (2013). Map of the studied area where the fossils of the new species were collected. 1—Jaguariaíva 01 outcrop, 2—Rivadávia Farm 01 outcrop
Fig. 5 in Organization of the lophophore in the deep-sea brachiopod Pelagodiscus atlanticus and evolution of the lophophore in the Brachiozoa
Fig. 5 Proposed evolutionary scenario of the lophophore in Brachiozoa, with schematic cross sections at indicated regions given in frames. Abbreviations: x indicates the region, where new tentacles form, the dotted line indicates the brachial fold, the dotted region indicates the small coelomic canal, the cross-hatched region indicates the large coelo- mic canal, dark gray region indi- cates the fusion of two brachial axes in common arm
Fig. 3 in Organization of the lophophore in the deep-sea brachiopod Pelagodiscus atlanticus and evolution of the lophophore in the Brachiozoa
Fig. 3 Diagrams of the Pelagodiscus atlanticus lophophore. a Lophophore with brachial axis (marked by dotted line). b Lophophore with large canals (dark gray), small canals (light gray), and a brachial retractor (cross-hatched). c Cross section through the middle of the arm. d Planes of sections of the lophophore in Fig. 4. bf brachial fold, br brachial retractor, fg food groove, it inner tentacle, lc large canal, m mouth, ot outer tentacle, rft region, where new tentacles form, pc periesophageal coelom, sc small canal, t tentacles, a plane of the section on Fig. 4a, b plane of the section on Fig. 4b, c plane of the section on Fig. 4c, d plane of the section on Fig. 4d
Fig. 2 in Organization of the lophophore in the deep-sea brachiopod Pelagodiscus atlanticus and evolution of the lophophore in the Brachiozoa
Fig. 2 Lophophore anatomy of Pelagodiscus atlanticus (microCT). a Lateral view of the lophophore: long tentacles (t) extend to the posterior margin of the mantle. b Anterio-lateral view of the lophophore: the lophophoral arm (lam) extends posteriorly. c Ventral view of the lophophore: the mouth (m) is lo- cated between the brachial fold (bf) and the row of tentacles. d Anterior view of the mantle cavi- ty: the region where new tentacles form (rft) is visible. dv dorsal valve, it inner tentacle, mc mantle cavity, ot outer tentacle, vv ventral valve
Fig. 4 in Organization of the lophophore in the deep-sea brachiopod Pelagodiscus atlanticus and evolution of the lophophore in the Brachiozoa
Fig. 4 Consecutive histological sections of the lophophoral arm of Pelagodiscus atlanticus. a Section of the distal part of the lophophoral arm (plane of the section (a) is marked on Fig. 3d): the small canal (sc) is filled with muscle cells and contains the lophophoral vessel (lv). b Section of the lophophoral arm with two profiles of large coelomic canals (lc) (plane of the section (b) is marked on Fig. 3d): the brachial retractor (br) is visible. c Section of the lophophoral arm near the mouth
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