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Figure 6 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 6. Carpals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-5449, left unciform in dorsal (A) and medial (B) views; C–D, B-1767(2), right magnum in medial (C) and lateral (D) views; E–F, B-5441, left radial sesamoid in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views; G–H, B-1575, right trapezoid in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-250, right pyramidal in medial (I) and lateral (J) views; K–L, right scapholunar in proximal (K) and distal (L.) views; M–N, B-2264, pisiform in proximal (M) and dorsal (N) views.

Figure 11 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 11. Tarsals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-608, right ectocuneiform in proximal (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, B/S-405, right cuboid in dorsal (C) and medial (D) views; E–F, B-2497, left calcaneus in medial (E) and plantar (F) views; G–H, B-2496, left navicular in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-2526(8), left mesocuneiform in lateral (I) and medial (J) views; and K–L, B-1061, left astragalus in plantar (K) and dorsal (L.) views.

Figure 1 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 1. Skull (top) and life appearance (bottom) of Simocyon batalleri, based on the fossils from Batallones-1 (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 2 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1. A–C, B-7038, third cervical vertebra in cranial (A), lateral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D–E, B-2188, fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and cranial (E) views; F–G, B-1767(1), sixth cervical vertebra in lateral (F) and cranial (G) views; and H–I, B-1676(3), seventh cervical vertebra in cranial (H) and lateral (I) views.

Figure 3. B-429 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 3. B-429, articulated third to sixth lumbar vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A, lateral, B, dorsal views.

Figure 18 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 18. Dorsal views of articulated left calcaneus and astragalus of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (A), Ailurus fulgens (B), Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 (C), Gulo gulo (D) and Potos flavus (E).

Figure 17 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 17. Medial view of the right radius of Simocyon batalleri from batallones-1 (A), Gulo gulo (B) and Potos flavus (C) showing the proximal torsion observed in S. batalleri and P. flavus. The bones are illustrated at the same size.

Figure 11 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 11. Comparative views of the skull and mandible of (A) Neofelis nebulosa, and (B) Paramachairodus ogygia (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 10 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 10. Photographs of the first to seventh cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) (anterior to left) in Fig. 9, in lateral view. A, Paramachairodus ogygia from Batallones-1. B, Panthera pardus.

Figure 1 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 1. Left mastoid morphology of some species of Felidae showing the different development of the mastoid process (m.p.) and paraoccipital process (p.p.). A, Panthera leo. B, Paramachairodus ogygia from Batallones-1, B-1377. C, Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea. D, B-1377, skull of P. ogygia from Batallones-1 in left lateral view with mastoid area circled.

Figure 4 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 4. Left hemimandibles of Felidae showing differences in the development of the mandibular coronoid process. A, Panthera leo. B, Paramachairodus ogygia from Batallones-1. C, Smilodon fatalis from Rancho La Brea.

Figure 5 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 5. Comparative views of the skull and mandible of two Smilodontini species. A, Paramachairodus ogygia. B, Megantereon cultridens (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 8 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 8. Composite reconstruction of the skull, mandible and cervical vertebrae of Paramachairodus ogygia, based on material of several individuals from Batallones-1, showing the inferred position of the main cranio-cervical muscles relevant to the canine shear-bite (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 9 in Aspects of the functional morphology in the cranial and cervical skeleton of the sabre-toothed cat Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain: implications for the origins of the machairodont killing bite

Figure 9. Photographs of first to seventh cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) (anterior to left) in dorsal view. A, Paramachairodus ogygia from Batallones-1, respectively, B-4561, B-5407, B-744 (5), B-5458, B-5459, B-707 (12) and B-707 (12) (the latter have the same number); B, Panthera pardus, 1599.

Fig. 4 in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines

Fig. 4 Strict consensus cladograms. The four taxon sets each produced cladograms with the same topology whether character states were left unordered or a subset were ordered (see Methods and Supplementary Note 5 for details). a 18 OTUs. The four taxa with the fewest codable character states (Graecopithecus, 10%, Chororapithecus,13%, Samburupithecus, 18%, and Orrorin, 29%) were excluded, as was Sahelanthropus. Both Orrorin and Sahelanthropus were coded from published descriptions, which introduces uncertainty (DRB, who coded all characters in this analysis, was unable to code characters from these taxa through direct observation). b 19 OTUs, with Sahelanthropus added. c 20 OTUs with Orrorin. There is a decrease in resolution with the inclusion of Sahelanthropus and Orrorin but the tree topologies are otherwise consistent. Sahelantthropus is always recovered as a stem hominid and Orrorin as a hominin. The first three cladograms all recover a hominine clade that includes the thickly enameled Balkan taxa and the dryopithecins. d 23 OTUs, including all taxa. Little resolution remains among hominids, with recognized clades (pongines) unresolved. This cladogram also fails to recover Ouranopithecus as a hominine, which is otherwise a common result in previous analyses. Bremer support values, character states, character definitions and the character matrix (nexus) are all included in Supplementary Note 5 and Supplementary Data 3.

Fig. 3 3-D in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines

Fig. 3 3-D reconstruction of the left P3 to M1 of CO 300, showing the root, root canal and pulp chamber configurations. Supplementary Table 5 for a comparison of root formulae. Scale =10 mm.

Fig. 5 A in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines

Fig. 5 A phylogeny of the taxa included in this analysis consistent with most of the cladograms presented here. Taxa are positioned in chronological order without regard to geography, with most taxa only known from a limited time span. Exceptions are Ekembo and Sivapithecus, with longer time ranges, which are positioned roughly when they are most abundant, in both cases about mid-way in their known time ranges. The different colored "puddles" represent hominid clades and/or stages of evolution. These can also be imagined as pools of related species in somewhat delimited space and time with broad ancestordescendant relationships. The lines are disconnected to reflect the difficulty in identifying actual ancestor-descendant relationships, but that these relations can be estimated between "puddles". Blue puddle taxa are stem hominids and are all confined to Africa. Among these taxa the relations of Samburupithecus and Chororapithecus are unresolved in the cladograms except in so far as they are excluded from the clade that includes all Eurasian taxa and crown hominins. Other lines of evidence suggest that these taxa are members of the early or middle Miocene radiation of early apes (see text). The orange puddles are the pongines, which probably have their origin within the middle Miocene puddle, although not necessarily any of the taxa included here (another taxon, Griphopithecus, known from Europe and Türkiye, would be a member of the blue puddle but was not included in the cladistic analyses). While both are pongines, Ankarapithecus lacks derived features shared by Sivapithecus and Pongo, so the line representing the relationship between the latter two bi-passes Ankarapithecus. The three green-shade puddles represent the hominine clades as defined here. Bright green are the dryopithecins, with the younger taxa Rudapithecus and Hispanopithecus depicted as closely related and descendant from any of the older taxa or an unknown taxon sharing attributes with these three. The light green puddle includes the Balkan and Anatolian taxa, likely to have descended from somewhere in the dryopithecin puddle. Possible ancestor-descendant relationships are depicted in this puddle. The darker green puddle represents the crown hominines. The various lineages diverge from unknown ancestors, but probably a member of either of the older green shade puddles. Gorillas diverge first, followed by chimpanzees and humans. Orrorin and Ardipithecus are depicted in a manner consistent with their sister clade status, without implying a direct ancestor-descendant relationship.

Fig. 2 in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines

Fig. 2 Cross sectional anatomy of the palate in Anadoluvius and other hominids (not to scale). Ekembo and extant hominids redrawn from31 Rudapithecus modified from40. Ouranopithecus redrawn from41 based on a ct scan. The Ardipithecus specimen, modified from42, is a surface rendering derived from ct scans and does not show the cross section but the lateral aspect. The Ekembo specimen is based on BMNH 16664, the holotype of Ekembo nyanzae. The Rudapithecus specimens are RUD 12, a female, and RUD 44, a male. The photographs to the right of the line drawings of Rudapithecus are the original specimens. The Anadoluvius specimens are CO-2100/2800 (female, left) and CO-205 (male, right), with photographs of casts of the reconstructed specimens (see SI for details of the reconstruction.) Line drawings of Anadoluvius are original to this work.