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FIGURE 5 in New data on Eulipotyphla (Insectivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 5. Desmana sp. from Popovo 2 (1-4 and 6) and Popovo 1 (5). Left?i3: 1, buccal, 2, occlusal view (c.n. 29/II/ 4/5). Left p2: 3, buccal; 4, occlusal view (c.n. 29/II/4/6). 5, Left m1, occlusal view (c.n. 29/I/4/1). 6, Left m3, occlusal view (c.n. 29/II/4/7).

FIGURE 3. 1 in New data on Eulipotyphla (Insectivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 3. 1, cf. Mygalinia hungarica from Verkhnya Krynitsa 2, left m2, occlusal view (c.n. 29/2/2/1); 2, Ruemkelia sp. from Verkhnya Krynitsa 2, fragment of left m2, occlusal view (c.n. 29/2/3/1).

FIGURE 2 in New data on Eulipotyphla (Insectivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 2. Schizogalerix sp. from Popovo 3 (1) and Verkhnya Krynitsa 2 (2-5). 1, right P4, occlusal view (catalogue number 29/III/1/1). (2-4) left m1; 2, occlusal; 3, lingual; 4, posterior view (c.n. 29/2/1/1); 5, right m2; occlusal view (c.n. 29/2/1/2).

FIGURE 8 in New data on Eulipotyphla (Insectivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 8. Crusafontina cf. kormosi from Verkhnya Krynitsa 2. 1, fragment of left mandible with i1–p4 in buccal view (c.n. 29/2/8/1); 2, fragment of left mandible with m1–m2 in occlusal view (c.n. 29/2/8/2); 3, fragment of left mandible with m2–m3 and coronoid and condyloid proceses in lingual view (c.n. 29/2/8/3). (4-5), Fragment (talonid) of right m2 in: 4, occlusal; and 5, lingual view (c.n. 29/2/8/5).

FIGURE 1 in New data on Eulipotyphla (Insectivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 1. The Ukrainian localities in which insectivore mammals were studied. 1, Regional map of Europe indicating location of Ukraine (Inset, 2). 2-3, Ukraine Miocene to Pleistocene localities: Inset (3), Miocene localities (A-Popovo 3; B-Verkhnya Krynitsa 2; C-Lobkove), Pliocene localities (A-Popovo 2; B- Verkhnya Krynitsa 1), Plio/Pleistocene locality (A-Popovo 1); Pleistocene locality (A-Popovo 0; D- Medzhybozh).

FIGURE 6. 1 in New data on Eulipotyphla (Insectivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene of Ukraine

FIGURE 6. 1, Desmana sp. from Popovo 1 (1). fragment of right mandible with m1–m3 in buccal view (c.n. 29/I/4/2); (2-3) cf. Desmana sp. from Verkhnya Krynitsa 2, left humerus, 2, dorsal side, 3, ventral side (c.n. 29/2/5/1).

FIGURE 10 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 10. Histogram of the positions of the mental foramen in Deinogalerix and in other galericines. M = foramen located under the mesial root of p3 or p4, D = under the distal root of p3 or p4, C ("Central") = between the roots of p3 or p4, I ("Intermediate") = Foramen located between p3 and p4.

FIGURE 8 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 8. Scatter plot of Lp4 vs Lp3 (values in Table 5) for the species of Deinogalerix. The Deinogalerix specimens from Gargano align roughly in a linear trend. D. samniticus sp. nov. and Deinogalerix sp., in contrast, display an anomalously short p3. It is worth noting that also the smaller and more primitive species, e.g., D. freudenthali from F15 and D. masinii from M013, have fairly short p3s. Measurements in mm.

FIGURE 5 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 5. Deinogalerix samniticus sp. nov., from Scontrone. 1–2, Holotype, fragment of left hemimandible, with p3, p4, alveoli of p2, broken m1, m2, and m3 partially embedded in the rock (SCT 246). 1, labial view; 2, occlusal view. 3– 5, Paratype, isolated left m1 (SCT 347). 3, occlusal view; 4, labial view; 5, lingual view. 6–7, Paratype, fragmental right maxillary with complete P3 and fragmented P4 (SCT 19). 6, occlusal view; 7, lingual view. 8, Paratype, fragmental right maxillary, with M3 and postero-lingual portion of M2 (SCT 232).

FIGURE 6. 1–3, Holotype SCT 246 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 6. 1–3, Holotype SCT 246 during its preparation from the rock matrix by vibrotool. The figure shows the premolars still partially encased in the rock matrix.

FIGURE 7 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 7. Comparisons of p3–m3 lengths in the different species of Deinogalerix, as well as in Parasorex, Galerix, Schizogalerix, and Apulogalerix (measurements and abbreviations in Table 3). 1, The graph shows that in Apulogalerix, Parasorex and other continental galericines molars grow progressively larger towards m1, which is the largest tooth of the row. The fourth lower premolar is larger than p3, which, in contrast, is the smallest of the toothrow (it is somewhat smaller than m3). Compared to the mainland counterparts, Deinogalerix bears a very large m1 (due to the increase of the trigonid length) and larger premolars, that grow progressively smaller moving rostrally, but less than in the continental genera (p3 intermediate in size between m1 and m2). The Scontrone specimen shows the size increase from m3 to m1 typical of Deinogalerix. In contrast, it bears a very large p4, similar in size to m1 and in the dimensional ranges of D. koenigswaldi, and a very reduced p3, more similar to those of the smaller and more primitive species of Deinogalerix from Gargano. 2, Ratio diagram comparing the p3–m3 lengths (see Table 4) in Deinogalerix samniticus sp. nov. with other species of Deinogalerix, using Parasorex socialis from La Grive as the standard (horizontal line). All the Deinogalerix specimens show a similar trend where the proportions of m2 and m3 are parallel to the standard, whereas, starting from m1, the teeth proportionally increase in size respect to the standard. It is noteworthy that this trend reaches its maximum expression in D. koenigswaldi. Compared to the other species of Deinogalerix, the curve of D. samniticus sp. nov., shows a steeper rise toward p4, and it is the only one that drops toward p3.

FIGURE 2 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 2. Schematic stratigraphy of the early Tortonian site of Scontrone (from Patacca et al., 2008a, modified). Succession showing the stratigraphic position of the bonebeds within the Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone Formation. RC Rudist-bearing Calcarenite; SC Scontrone Member of the Lithothamnium Limestone Formation; SCa–SCd facies units of the Scontrone Member recording major shifts in the depositional setting and biotic associations (SCa = costal bar deposits; SCb = tidal creek deposits; SCc = marsh deposits; SCd = lagoon deposits). 1-Calcareous marls; 2-Bioclastic calcarenites; 3-Bioclastic calcarenites with oversized well-rounded lithoclast lags; 4- Lithoclastic calcirudites; 5-Major disconformity; 6-Low-angle cross-bedding; 7-Trough cross-bedding; 8-Root traces; 9-Oyster shell lags; 10-Hydrobiids; 11-Bonebeds; 12-Rudists. For further details see Patacca et al. (2008a).

FIGURE 4. 1, Left M1 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 4. 1, Left M1 (F9-018), undetermined Deinogalerix sp. from fissure F9, oblique, occluso-distal view. 2, same as 1 with sketch showing contact of the distal arm of the metaconule with the uninterrupted distal cingulum. 3, left m1 (paratype SCT 347), Deinogalerix samniticus sp. nov., occlusal view. 4, same specimen as 3, lingual view. Arrows in 3 and 4 showing mesiolingual bulge. 5, left p4 (holotype SCT 246), Deinogalerix samniticus sp. nov., occlusal view. 6, same as 5, with sketch showing roundish, delimited lingually, trigonid valley. 7, right P3-P4 (paratype SCT 19), Deinogalerix samniticus sp. nov., occlusal view. 8, same as 7 with sketch showing the weak separation of protocone and hypocone. Hyc = Hypocone, Mecl = Metaconule, Mec = Metacone, Mecd = Metaconid, Pac = Paracone, Pacd = Paraconid, Prc = Protocone, Prcd = Protoconid. Figures not to scale.

FIGURE 3 in New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)

FIGURE 3. Guide to dental morphology terms used in this paper, drawn from Engesser (1980), Gould (1995), Lopatin (2006) by Masini and Fanfani (2013), and slightly modified here. 1, Upper molar. 2, Lower molar; (a) paralophid (paracristid) = paraconid crest + preprotocristid sensu Lopatin (2006); (b) postcristid (hypolophid) = postentocristid + posthypocristid sensu Lopatin (2006).

FIGURE 8 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 8. Posterior lobe of lower m2 enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona cf. eximia from Verkhnya Krynytsya 2, cross-section.

FIGURE 7. Lower p3 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 7. Lower p3 enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona cf. eximia from Verkhnya Krynytsya 2, cross-section.

FIGURE 6 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 6. Lower incisor enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona sp. from Popovo 3, longitudinal section. 1-2, Enamel structure details from two different tooth parts.

FIGURE 2 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 2. Posterior lobe of lower m2 enamel ultrastructure; Prolagus aff. crusafonti from Popovo 3, cross- section. 1- 4, Enamel structure details from four different tooth parts.

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FIGURE 8 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 8. Strict consensus of 281 trees, 420 steps in length showing the phylogenetic relationships of Thomashuxleya within Notoungulata based on the morphological dataset of Deraco and García-López (2015). Numbers indicate bootstrap values above 50.