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Supplementary material 2 from: Fryssouli V, Zervakis GI, Polemis E, Typas MA (2020) A global meta-analysis of ITS rDNA sequences from material belonging to the genus Ganoderma (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) including new data from selected taxa. MycoKeys 75: 71-143. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.75.59872
Figure S1
Data from: Contrasting responses of nitrogen: phosphorus stoichiometry in plants and soils under grazing: a global meta-analysis
<p>1. Grazing by ungulate herbivores can greatly alter nitrogen ([N]) and phosphorus ([P]) concentrations in plants and soils. It is not clear, however, how grazing might affect N:P co-limitation in grasslands depending on soil N and P availability.</p> <p>2. Here we selected 173 peer-reviewed studies, which measured 12 key variables associated with changes in [N], [P] and N:P ratios (i.e. N:P stoichiometry) in soils and plants in the presence or absence of herbivore grazing. Subsequently, we addressed the magnitude and direction of grazing effects on these variables using a meta-analysis approach.</p> <p>3. Grazing increased leaf [N] and [P] but decreased total and available soil [N] and [P]. Grazing also increased leaf N:P ratios while decreasing root and total soil N:P ratios.</p> <p>4. The response ratio (RR) of leaf N:P was negatively correlated with RR of plant-available soil [P] and positively correlated with RR of available soil N:P ratio (rather than with RR of total soil N:P).</p> <p>5. Intensive grazing (e.g., heavy grazing or long-term grazing) had in general more positive effects on plant N:P stoichiometry and negative effects on soil N:P stoichiometry than light grazing. Responses of plant-soil N:P stoichiometry to grazing greatly varied depending on plant functional group identity, plant organizational level (i.e. species and community) and grassland type.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that understanding changes in available soil N:P stoichiometry (rather than total soil N:P) in response to grazing is crucial to predict nutrient co-limitation in grassland biomes. Our findings show that P is more important for plant growth than generally thought due to greater reduction of plant-available soil [P] under grazing. A better mechanistic understanding of the relationships between plant and available soil N:P stoichiometry under grazing will greatly help improve the sustainability of natural and semi-natural grassland ecosystems.</p>
Sex differences in IV thrombolysis treatment for stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
<p>Objective: A prior meta-analysis of reports published between 2000 and 2008 found that women were 30% less likely to receive IV rt-PA treatment for stroke than men; we updated this meta-analysis to determine if this sex difference still persisted.</p> <p>Methods: We identified studies that reported sex-specific IV rt-PA treatment rates for acute ischemic stroke published between 2008 and 2018. Eligible studies included representative populations of ischemic stroke patients from hospital-based, registry-based, or administrative data. Random effects odds ratios (OR) were generated to quantify sex differences.</p> <p>Results: Twenty-four eligible studies were identified during this 10-year period. The summary unadjusted OR based on 17 studies with data on all ischemic stroke patients was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.82-0.93), indicating that women had 13% lower odds of receiving IV rt-PA treatment than men. However, substantial between-study variability existed. Lower treatment odds in women were also observed in 7 studies that provided data on the subgroup of patients eligible for IV rt-PA treatment, although the summary OR of 0.95 (95% CI = 0.88-1.02) was not statistically significant. Examination of time trends across 33 studies published between 2000 and 2018 found evidence that the sex difference had narrowed in more recent years.</p> <p>Conclusions: Although there is considerable variability in the findings of individual studies, pooled data from recent studies shows that women with acute stroke are still less likely to be treated with IV thrombolysis compared with men. However, the size of this difference has narrowed compared to studies published before 2008.</p>
Which enemies mediate distance- and density-dependent mortality of tree seeds and seedlings? A meta-analysis of fungicide, insecticide, and exclosure studies
<p>Conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence is believed to be one of the most important mechanisms controlling forest community assembly and species diversity globally. SoilPlant pathogens, and insect and mammalian herbivores, are the most common natural enemy types that have been implicated in this phenomenon, but their relative importancegeneral effects at different plant life stages isare still unclear. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of studies that involved robust manipulative experiments, using fungicides, insecticides, and exclosures, to assess the contributions of different natural enemy types to distance- and density-dependent effects at seed and seedling stages. We found that natural enemies cause stronger distance- and density-dependent mortality caused by natural enemies was most likely at the seedling stage than the seed stage. Fungicide treatments can change significantand was greater at higher mean annual temperatures. Seedling mortality was significantly weakened when fungi were removed. By contrast, negative distance- and density-dependent mortality to non-significance at the seedling stage. Negative conspecific distance- and density-dependence is not a general pattern at the seed stage. High seed mass reduced distance- and density-dependent mortality. Seed studies excluding only large mammals found significant negative conspecific distance-dependent mortality, but exclusion of all mammals resulted in a non-significant mortality.effect of conspecifics. Our study suggests that soilplant pathogens are a major cause of distance- and density-dependent mortality at the seedling stage, althoughwhile the impacts of herbivores on seedlings have been understudied. At the seed stage, large and small mammals respectively weaken and enhance negative conspecific distance-dependent mortality. Future research should identify specific agents of mortality, investigate the interactions among different enemy types, and assess how global change drivers may affect the dynamics of natural enemies and thus influence the strength of conspecific distance- and density-dependence.</p>
A meta-analysis of tropical land-use change effects on the soil microbiome: emerging patterns and knowledge gaps
<p>Modifications to vegetation and soil due to changes in land use have the potential to alter the soil microbiome, with consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling. Despite the important function of soil microorganisms, little is known about their response to land-use change, especially in tropical regions where current rates of land conversion are greatest. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine how land-use change influences soil microbial properties in tropical ecosystems and to identify current trends and knowledge gaps in the literature. We identified 83 published paired studies that reported data on microbial biomass, abundance, composition, and enzyme activity under representative land-use changes in the tropics. We calculated response ratios for studies that compared the following: reference forests to (a) agriculture, (b) pastures, (c) plantations, and (d) secondary forests. Here you will find all the raw and clean data used for the meta-analysis. </p>
Color lures in orb-weaving spiders: a meta-analysis
<p>Lures are deceptive strategies that exploit sensory biases in prey, usually mimicking a prey's mate or food item. Several predators exploit plant-pollinator systems, where visual signals are an essential part of interspecific interactions. Many diurnal, and even nocturnal, orb-web spiders present conspicuous body coloration or bright color patches. These bright colors are regarded as color-based lures that exploit biases present in insect visual systems, possibly mimicking flower colors. The prey attraction hypothesis was proposed more than 20 years ago to explain orb-web spider coloration. Although most data gathered so far has corroborated the predictions of the prey attraction hypothesis, there are several studies that refute these predictions. We conducted a multi-level phylogenetic meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of the effect of conspicuous orb-web spider body coloration on prey attraction. We found a positive effect of in favor of the prey attraction hypothesis, however, there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. Experimental designs comparing conspicuous spiders to painted spiders or empty webs did not explain between-studies heterogeneity. The lack of theoretical explanation behind the prey attraction hypothesis makes it challenging to address which components influence prey attraction. Future studies could evaluate whether color is part of a multi-component signal and test alternative hypotheses for the evolution of spider colors, such as predator avoidance and thermoregulation.</p>
Data from: Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing after stroke and TIA: a meta-analysis
Objective: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) after stroke. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase (Ovid), the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL (from their commencements to 7th of April 2017) for clinical studies reporting prevalence and/or severity of SDB after stroke or transitory ischemic attack (TIA). Only sleep apnea tests performed with full polysomnography and diagnostic devices of the AASM categories I-IV were included. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017072339. Results: The initial search identified 5211 publications. 89 studies (including 7096 patients) met inclusion criteria. 54 studies were performed in the acute phase after stroke (after less than 1 month), 23 studies in the subacute phase (after 1-3 months) and 12 studies in the chronic phase (after more than 3 months). Mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 26.0/h (SD 21.7-31.2). Prevalence of SDB with AHI greater than 5/h and greater than 30/h was found in 71% (95% CI 66.6-74.8) and 30% (95% CI 24.4-35.5) of patients, respectively. Severity and prevalence of SDB were similar in all examined phases after stroke, irrespective of the type of sleep apnea test performed. Heterogeneity between studies (I2) was mostly high. Conclusion: The high prevalence of SDB after stroke and TIA, which persists over time, is important in light of recent studies reporting the a) feasibility and b) efficacy of SDB treatment in this clinical setting.
Data from: Use of isotretinoin and risk of depression in patients with acne: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of isotretinoin and the risk of depression in patients with acne. Design: This was a meta-analysis in which the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the relative risk (RR) were used for data synthesis employed the random-effects model. Setting: Studies were identified via electronic searches of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to December 28, 2017. Participants: Patients with acne. Interventions: Studies comparing isotretinoin with other interventions in patients with acne were included. Results: Twenty studies were selected. The analysis of 17 studies showed a significant association of the use of isotretinoin with improved symptoms compared with the baseline before treatment [SMD = −0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.51 to −0.15, P < 0.05; I2 = 76.6%, P < 0.05)]. Four studies were related to the analysis of the risk of depression. The pooled data indicated no association of the use of isotretinoin with the risk of depressive disorders (RR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.60–2.21, P = 0.14). The association of the use of isotretinoin with the risk of depressive disorders was statistically significant on pooling retrospective studies (RR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.05–1.84, P = 0.02), but this association was not evident on pooling prospective studies (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.60–2.21, P = 0.86). Conclusions: This study suggested an association of the use of isotretinoin in patients with acne with significantly improved depression symptoms. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to verify the present findings.
Data from: High-dose methylprednisolone for acute traumatic spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis
Objective Due to the continuing debates on the utility of high-dose methylprednisolone (MP) early after acute spinal cord injury (ASCI), we aim to evaluate the therapeutic and adverse effects of high-dose MP according to NASCIS-2 dosing protocol in comparison to no steroids on patients with ASCI, by performing a meta-analysis on the basis of the current available clinical trials. Methods We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library (to May 22 2018) for studies comparing neurological recoveries, adverse events and in-hospital costs between ASCI patients who underwent high-dose MP treatment or not. Data were synthesized with corresponding statistical models according to the degree of heterogeneity. Results We enrolled 16 studies (1863 participants) including 3 RCTs and 13 observational studies. Pooled results indicated that MP was not associated with an increase in motor score improvement (RCTs: p = 0.84; Observational studies: p = 0.44) and incidence of recovery by at least one grade on the ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) or Frankel (p=0.53). Meanwhile, MP did not lead to better sensory recovery (p=0.07). However, MP was associated with a significant higher incidence of gastrointestinal hemorrhage (p=0.04) and respiratory tract infection (p=0.01). The difference in the overall in-hospital costs between MP and control groups was not statistically significant (p=0.78). Conclusions Based on the current evidence, high-dose MP treatment, in comparison to controls, does not contribute to better neurological recoveries but may increase the risk of adverse events in patients with ASCI. Therefore, we recommend against routine use of high-dose MP early after ASCI.
Data from: What can aquatic gastropods tell us about phenotypic plasticity? A review and meta-analysis
There have been few attempts to synthesise the growing body of literature on phenotypic plasticity to reveal patterns and generalities about the extent and magnitude of plastic responses. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis of published literature on phenotypic plasticity in aquatic (marine and freshwater) gastropods, a common system for studying plasticity. We identified 96 studies, using pre-determined search terms, published between 1985 and November 2013. The literature was dominated by studies of predator-induced shell form, snail growth rates and life history parameters of a few model taxa, accounting for 67% of all studies reviewed. Meta-analyses indicated average plastic responses in shell thickness, shell shape, and growth and fecundity of freshwater species was at least three times larger than in marine species. Within marine gastropods, species with planktonic development had similar average plastic responses to species with benthic development. We discuss these findings in the context of the role of costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity and environmental heterogeneity as important constraints on the evolution of plasticity. We also consider potential publication biases and discuss areas for future research, indicating well-studied areas and important knowledge gaps.
Dataset of Insulin sensitizers for improving endocrine metabolism in overweight women with PCOS: a network meta-analysis
<p><span><b>Objective: </b>To evaluate the efficacy of insulin sensitizers on menstrual frequency, sex hormone and metabolic parameters in overweight women with PCOS. </span></p> <p><span><b>Methods:</b> We searched multiple databases from inception to September 2019 for RCTs. Network meta-analysis was conducted using multivariate random effects method. </span></p> <p><span><b>Results:</b> 14 trials reporting on 619 women were included. Compared with metformin, metformin + TZDs was more superior in menstrual recovery (WMD 3.68, 95% CrI 1.65 to 8.20), metformin + GLP-1 receptor agonists was more effective in decreasing AND (WMD -2.53, 95% CrI -3.96 to -1.09), both metformin + GLP-1 receptor agonists (WMD 9.22, 95% CrI 5.46 to 12.98) and metformin + TZDs (WMD 4.30, 95% CrI 0.78 to 7.82) were more effective in increasing SHBG, while TZDs was less effective in decreasing BMI (WMD 1.69, 95% CrI 0.72 to 2.66). Compared with GLP-1 receptor agonists, metformin + GLP-1 receptor agonists was associated with higher SHBG (WMD 7.80, 95% CrI 4.75 to 10.85), lower FT (WMD -1.77, 95% CrI -3.25 to -0.29), lower AND (WMD -2.70, 95% CrI -3.91 to -1.50) and lower FG (WMD -0.41, 95% CrI -0.73 to -0.08).</span></p> <p><span><b>Conclusion: </b>For overweight women with PCOS, both metformin combined with GLP-1 receptor agonists and metformin combined with TZDs appear superior to monotherapy in improving hyperandrogenemia. Metformin combined with TZDs could be particularly effective in promoting the recovery of menstruation. Metformin combined with GLP-1 receptor agonists has additional advantage in improving fasting glucose when compared with GLP-1 receptor agonists alone. TZDs is inferior to metformin in decreasing BMI.</span></p>
Data from: A global meta-analysis of the ecological impacts of alien species on native amphibians
The exponential increase in species introductions during the Anthropocene has brought about a major loss of biodiversity. Amphibians have suffered large declines, with more than 16% considered to be threatened by invasive species. We conducted a global meta-analysis of the impacts of alien species on native amphibians to determine which aspects of amphibian ecology are most affected by plant, invertebrate, fish, amphibian, reptile or mammal introductions. Measures of fitness were most strongly affected; amphibian performance was consistently lower in the presence of alien species. While exposure to alien species caused a significant decrease in amphibian behavioural activity when compared to a no species control, this response was stronger towards a control of native impacting species. This indicates a high degree of prey naïveté towards alien species and highlights the importance of using different types of controls in empirical studies. Alien invertebrates had the greatest overall impact on amphibians. This study sets a new agenda for research on biological invasions, highlighting the lack of studies investigating impacts of alien species on amphibian terrestrial life-history stages. It also emphasises the strong ecological impacts that alien species have on amphibian fitness and suggests that future introductions or global spread of alien invertebrates could strongly exacerbate current amphibian declines.
Data from: Inbreeding depression increases with environmental stress: an experimental study and meta-analysis
Inbreeding-environment interactions occur when inbreeding leads to differential fitness loss in different environments. Inbred individuals are often more sensitive to environmental stress than are outbred individuals, presumably because stress increases the expression of deleterious recessive alleles or cellular safeguards against stress are pushed beyond the organism's physiological limits. We examined inbreeding-environment interactions, along two environmental axes (temperature and rearing host) that differ in the amount of developmental stress they impose, in the seed-feeding beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We found that inbreeding depression (inbreeding load, L) increased with the stressfulness of the environment, with the magnitude of stress explaining as much as 66% of the variation in inbreeding depression. This relationship between L and developmental stress was not explainable by an increase in phenotypic variation in more stressful environments. To examine the generality of this experimental result, we conducted a meta-analysis of the available data from published studies looking at stress and inbreeding depression. The meta-analysis confirmed that the effect of the environment on inbreeding depression scales linearly with the magnitude of stress; a population suffers one additional lethal equivalent, on average, for each 33% reduction in fitness induced by the stressful environment.
Data from: Meta-analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana phospho-proteomics data reveals compartmentalization of phosphorylation motifs
Protein (de)phosphorylation plays an important role in plants. To provide a robust foundation for subcellular phosphorylation signaling network analysis and kinase-substrate relationships, we performed a meta-analysis of 27 published and unpublished in-house mass spectrometry–based phospho-proteome data sets for Arabidopsis thaliana covering a range of processes, (non)photosynthetic tissue types, and cell cultures. This resulted in an assembly of 60,366 phospho-peptides matching to 8141 nonredundant proteins. Filtering the data for quality and consistency generated a set of medium and a set of high confidence phospho-proteins and their assigned phospho-sites. The relation between single and multiphosphorylated peptides is discussed. The distribution of p-proteins across cellular functions and subcellular compartments was determined and showed overrepresentation of protein kinases. Extensive differences in frequency of pY were found between individual studies due to proteomics and mass spectrometry workflows. Interestingly, pY was underrepresented in peroxisomes but overrepresented in mitochondria. Using motif-finding algorithms motif-x and MMFPh at high stringency, we identified compartmentalization of phosphorylation motifs likely reflecting localized kinase activity. The filtering of the data assembly improved signal/noise ratio for such motifs. Identified motifs were linked to kinases through (bioinformatic) enrichment analysis. This study also provides insight into the challenges/pitfalls of using large-scale phospho-proteomic data sets to nonexperts.
Data from: Mate guarding and frequent copulation in birds: a meta-analysis of their relationship to paternity and male phenotype
In many birds males are presumed to protect their paternity by closely guarding their mate or copulating frequently with her. Both these costly behaviours are assumed to reduce the risk and/or intensity of sperm competition. However, despite many studies on avian extra-pair paternity, it remains unclear how strongly these behaviours are related to fitness and other key life-history traits. Here we conduct meta-analyses to address two questions. First, are mate guarding and/or frequent copulation positively correlated with a male's share of paternity at his nest? We find a significant positive correlation between both presumed paternity protection behaviours and paternity share. The relationship is, however, weak (r = 0.08-0.23). This is perhaps unsurprising if the risk of partner infidelity, hence the need to protect paternity, varies among males. For example, more attractive males might have less need to protect their paternity. Second, do males with higher indices of so-called male 'quality' (phenotypic measures, usually subjectively defined by researchers as predictors of male attractiveness) exhibit lower levels of paternity protection behaviour? We find a negative correlation between male quality and paternity protection. This finding might partly explain the weak relationship between paternity protection and paternity, although we discuss other, non-mutually exclusive possibilities.
Data from: The ontogeny of plant defense and herbivory: characterizing general patterns using meta-analysis
Defense against herbivores often changes dramatically as plants develop. Hypotheses based on allocation theory and herbivore selection patterns predict that defense should either increase or decrease, respectively, across ontogeny, and previous research partly supports both predictions. Thus, it remains unclear which pattern is more common and what factors contribute to variability among studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of 116 published studies reporting ontogenetic patterns in plant defense traits and herbivory. Patterns varied depending on plant life form (woody, herbaceous, grass), type of herbivore (insect, mollusk, mammal), and type of defense trait (secondary chemistry, physical defense, tolerance). In woody plants, chemical defense increased during the seedling stage, followed by an increase in physical defenses during the vegetative juvenile stage. Mammalian herbivores showed a strong preference for mature compared to juvenile tissues in woody plants. Herbs experienced a significant increase in secondary chemistry across the entire ontogenetic trajectory, although the magnitude of increase was greatest during the seedling stage. Correspondingly, mollusks preferred young compared to older herbs. Future research investigating growth/defense trade-offs, allometry, herbivore selection patterns, and ecological costs, would shed light on the mechanisms driving the ontogenetic patterns observed.
Data from: The costs of parental care: a meta-analysis of the trade-off between parental effort and survival in birds
A fundamental premise of life-history theory is that organisms that increase current reproductive investment suffer increased mortality. Possibly the most studied life-history phenotypic relationship is the trade-off between parental effort and survival. However, evidence supporting this trade-off is equivocal. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to test the generality of this tenet. Using experimental studies that manipulated parental effort in birds we show that: 1) the effect of parental effort on survival was similar across species regardless of phylogeny, 2) individuals that experienced reduced parental effort had similar survival probabilities than control individuals, regardless of sex, and 3) males that experienced increased parental effort were less likely to survive than control males, whereas females that experienced increased effort were just as likely to survive as control females. Our results suggest that the trade-off between parental effort and survival is more complex than previously assumed. Finally, our study provides recommendations of unexplored avenues of future research into life-history trade-offs.
Data from: Prognostic value of ki67 in BCG-treated non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic value of ki67 as a marker in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients treated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). Methods: Studies were systematically retrieved from the relevant databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase), and the expiry date was May 2017. The research steps referred to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement. Results: A total of 11 studies that complied with the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The expression of ki67 was not statistically significantly associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) [hazard ratio (HR): 1.331; 95% CI: 0.980–1.809)]. No significant heterogeneity was found among all included studies (I2 = 36.7%, P = 0.148). The expression of ki67 was statistically significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS) (HR: 2.567; 95% CI: 1.562–4.219), and the overexpression of ki67 was the risk factor for PFS. Significant heterogeneity was noted among all the included studies (I2 = 55.6%, P = 0.021). The studies that might cause heterogeneity were excluded using the Galbraith plot, and then the meta-analysis was performed again. The results showed that the expression of ki67 was still associated with PFS (HR: 2.922; 95% CI: 2.002–4.266). Conclusions: The overexpression of ki67 was the risk factor for PFS, and the relationship between the expression of ki67 and RFS was not statistically significant in patients with NMIBC treated with BCG intravesical immunotherapy. Well-designed, prospective, randomized controlled trials with a large sample size are still needed to validate the findings.
Data from: Meta-analysis indicates that oxidative stress is both a constraint on and a cost of growth
Oxidative stress (OS) as a proximate mechanism for life-history trade-offs is widespread in the literature. One such resource allocation trade-off involves growth rate, and theory suggests that OS might act as both a constraint on and a cost of growth, yet studies investigating this have produced conflicting results. Here, we use meta-analysis to investigate whether increased OS levels impact on growth (OS as a constraint on growth) and whether greater growth rates can increase OS (OS as a cost of growth). The role of OS as a constraint on growth was supported by the meta-analysis. Greater OS, in terms of either increased damage or reduced levels of antioxidants, was associated with reduced growth although the effect depended on the experimental manipulation used. Our results also support an oxidative cost of growth, at least in terms of increased oxidative damage, although faster growth was not associated with a change in antioxidant levels. These findings that OS can act as a constraint on growth support theoretical links between OS and animal life histories and provide evidence for a growth–self-maintenance trade-off. Furthermore, the apparent oxidative costs of growth imply individuals cannot alter this trade-off when faced with enhanced growth. We offer a starting platform for future research and recommend the use of oxidative damage biomarkers in nonlethal tissue to investigate the growth–OS relationship further.
Data from: Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects
1. Reliance on ecosystem services instead of synthetic, non-renewable inputs is increasingly seen as key to achieving food security in an environmentally sustainable way. This process, known as ecological intensification, will depend in large part on enhancing below-ground biological interactions that facilitate resource use efficiency. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), associations formed between the roots of most terrestrial plant species and a specialized group of soil fungi, provide valuable ecosystem services, but the full magnitude of these services may not be fully realized under conventional intensively-managed annual agricultural systems. 2. Here we use meta-analysis to assess how reducing soil disturbance and periods without roots in agricultural systems affects the formation of AM and the diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We compiled data from 54 field studies across five continents that measured effects of tillage and/or cover cropping on AMF colonization and/or communities and assessed effects of management and environmental factors on these responses. 3. Less intensive tillage and winter cover cropping similarly increased AMF colonization of summer annual cash crop roots by ~30%. The key variables influencing the change in AMF colonization were the type of cover crop or the type of alternative tillage, suggesting that farmers can optimize combinations of tillage and cover crops that most enhance AM formation, particularly with no-till systems and legume cover crops. 4. Richness of AMF taxa increased by 11% in low-intensity vs. conventional tillage regimes. Several studies showed changes in diversity and community composition of AMF with cover cropping, but these responses were not consistent. 5. Synthesis and applications. This meta-analysis indicates that less intensive tillage and cover cropping are both viable strategies for enhancing root colonization from indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) across a wide range of soil types and cash crop species, and possibly also shifting AMF community structure, which could in turn increase biologically-based resource use in agricultural systems.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.