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Figure 2 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 2. Variations in δ15N signatures of Harpalus rufipes (P <0.01, R2 = 0.11) as affected by plant species richness (log-transformed).
Data from: Multiscale chromatin dynamics and high entropy in plant iPSC ancestors
<p>Plant protoplasts constitute the starting material to induce pluripotent cell masses <em>in vitro</em> competent for tissue regeneration. Dedifferentiation is associated with large-scale chromatin reorganisation and massive transcriptome reprogramming, characterized by stochastic gene expression. How this cellular variability reflects on chromatin organisation in individual cells and what are the factors influencing chromatin transitions during culturing is largely unknown. High-throughput imaging and a custom, supervised image analysis protocol extracting over 100 chromatin features unravelled a rapid, multiscale dynamics of chromatin patterns which trajectory strongly depends on nutrients availability. Decreased abundance in H1 (linker histones) is hallmark of chromatin transitions. We measured a high heterogeneity of chromatin patterns indicating an intrinsic entropy as hallmark of the initial cultures. We further measured an entropy decline over time, and an antagonistic influence by external and intrinsic factors, such as phytohormones and epigenetic modifiers, respectively. Collectively, our study benchmarks an approach to understand the variability and evolution of chromatin patterns underlying plant cell reprogramming <em>in vitro</em>.</p>
Data from: Metabarcoding analysis provides insight into the link between prey and plant intake in a large alpine cat carnivore, the snow leopard
<p>Species of the family Felidae (a group represented by cats) are thought to be obligate carnivores, specialized for hunting and consuming other animals. However, the detection of plants in the feces of felids raises questions about the role of plants in their diet. This is particularly true for the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), a big cat native to central and South Asia's high mountains. Our study aimed to comprehensively identify the prey and plants consumed by snow leopards as well as six other sympatric mammals. We applied DNA metabarcoding methods on 126 fecal samples collected from the Sarychat-Ertash Nature Reserve in Kyrgyzstan. We found that among the three most common plant families in snow leopard feces, Tamaricaceae (genus Myricaraia) was consumed often by snow leopards. The genus Myricaria frequently appeared in samples lacking any animal prey DNA, indicating that snow leopards might have consumed this plant especially when their digestive tracts were empty. We also observed a significant difference in plant composition between male and female snow leopards, and potentially between sampling seasons. We provide a comprehensive overview of the prey and plants detected in the feces of snow leopards and sympatric mammals. We believe our findings will help in formulating hypotheses and guiding future research to understand the adaptive significance of plant-eating behavior in felids and animal-plant relationships in the ecosystem.</p>
Data from: emergence of structure in plant-pollinator networks: low floral resource constrains network specialisation
<p>Specialisation enhances the efficiency of plant-pollinator networks through the exchange of conspecific pollen transfer for floral resources. Floral resources form the currency of plant-pollinator interactions, but the understanding of how floral resources affect the structure of plant-pollinator networks remains modest. Previous theory predicts that optimally foraging animal species will specialise to improve resource acquisition under high resource availability. Although floral resource availability depends on both the plant production and animal consumption of the resources, previous work has assumed that production and availability to be equivalent. This potentially may have led to erroneous inferences on the effect of resource availability on specialisation. We develop a mutualistic Lotka-Volterra consumer-resource model to investigate the influence of floral resource availability on plant-pollinator network structure. The model incorporates animal adaptive foraging behaviour, floral resource dynamics, and density-dependent dynamics. Specialisation, nestedness and modularity of simulated networks generated from the model under a wide range of parameters were explained using the Generalised Linear Model. We found that the distinction between floral resource dynamics and plant density dynamics was necessary for partial specialisation of plant-pollinator networks. This is because floral resource dynamics constraint animal preference due to its depletion by animal species. Floral resource abundance had a positive effect on network specialisation, but animal density had a negative effect on network specialisation. Floral resource dynamics thus play key roles on the structure of plant-pollinator network, distinctive from plant species density dynamics.</p>
Early Eocene Global Vegetation Modern Plant Distribution Dataset
<p>Early Eocene Global Vegetation Modern Plant Distribution Dataset </p> <p>Global occurances for early Eocene fossil plant Nearest Living Relatives (NLRs) from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF: https://www.gbif.org/), used for palaeocliate reconstruction.</p>
F I G U R E 1 0 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 1 0 Heatmap of search time for eels within 3 m of the bar rack for 53 attempts by 34 individual eels. Successful passes are shown on the left, and unsuccessful passes on the right. The hydraulic gate is located on the right side. The colours represent the proportion of search time in each zone, averaged over all attempts
F I G U R E 8 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 8 Upper: eel observations along four transects (a–d, with simulated relative water velocities). Observations are coloured by swimming direction. Lower: the density distribution of relative velocities at eel locations for upstream and downstream swimming, with the cross-section relative water velocity distribution in grey., downstream;, upstream;, cross-section
F I G U R E 7 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 7 Vertical and lateral eel distribution in river cross-sections in three parts of the river: the upstream river reach (river), the ponded forebay area (ponded) and the intake channel (channel) (see Figure 2a) for combinations of swimming directions and time of day. The observations are weighted by eel ground velocity and the colours represent scaled density
F I G U R E 5 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 5 Relative depth (a) and width (b) distribution of eels in the upstream river reach. The observations are grouped by eels moving downstream or upstream and by time of day. The observations are weighted by eel ground velocity, and the depth data are from the middle 90% of the river width. Situation:, downstream day;, downstream night;, upstream day;, upstream night
F I G U R E 4 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 4 Detection of eels entering the study area at the Herting hydropower plant grouped by inflow discharge and day/night, displayed as (a) number of eels and (b) eels per hour of current discharge., day;, night
F I G U R E 3 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 3 Schematics of a river cross-section: (a) natural model and (b) rectangular model. Relative depth is defined as zrel ¼ z=d and relative width as Wrel ¼ x=W, where W is the river width and d is the local depth
F I G U R E 1 1 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 1 1 Typical search patterns of eels along the intake screen at the Herting hydropower plant. Top, vertical view; bottom, plan view
F I G U R E 9 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 9 Distribution of first observations of eels closer than 3 m from bar rack at Herting hydropower plant: (a) horizontal distribution and (b) vertical distribution. Distributions are based on 41 observed interactions with the bar rack
F I G U R E 2 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 2 (a) The intake site at the Herting hydropower plant with migration routes available during the study period: a full-depth bypass next to the H1 powerplant and concrete weirs with a nature-like fishway. Location of hydrophones are shown in red. Areas to be analysed are denoted by blue dashed lines. (b) Detailed sketch of the angled rack and bypass at powerhouse H1
F I G U R E 1 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 1 Map of Sweden and the Ätran catchment, showing dams with or without fish passage solutions
Extending Grime's CSR model to predict plant demographic responses across resource availability gradients: evidence from the Patagonian steppes
<p>Sexual reproduction, growth, and survival are crucial demographic strategies for plant population viability. Here, we propose a conceptual model predicting demographic responses of species based on their ecological strategy and the heterogeneity of environmental conditions within a biogeographical unit and then applied it to a case study from a 5-degree latitudinal gradient in the Patagonian steppes. We also aim to disentangle genetic from environmental effects on demographic responses. We performed <em>in-situ </em>and common garden experiments with two species from six local populations of the Occidental Phytogeographical District of the Patagonian steppes. Species differ in key ecological traits, and thus fit into Grime´s model for evolutionary strategies in plants: one as competitive species and the other as stress-tolerant species. We calculated population growth rate (λ) and performed elasticity analyses to compare the contribution of each demographic strategy to population fitness between species and among local populations distributed along 600 km latitudinal gradient with differences in mean annual precipitation (MAP). We highlight four results. First, the competitive species change from sexual reproduction to growth as MAP increases. Second, the stress-tolerant species relied on growth and survival along the MAP gradient. Third, interannual variation in resource availability modulated demographic responses for both strategies. Fourth, based on the comparison of the <em>in-situ</em> and common garden experiments, we submit that demographic responses were genetically driven. Our study shows that demographic responses can be roughly predicted by the ecological strategy across environmental gradients. We show that differences arise not only between species, but also were genetically driven differences within species among local populations. Scaling up plant-level responses to population-level dynamics allows for a process-based understanding of current and future biogeographical species organization. Furthermore, conservation and restoration efforts should be guided by demographic strategies underlying population viability.</p>
Climate change may alter the signal of plant facilitation in Mediterranean drylands
<p>Facilitation is an ecological interaction that has allowed plant lineages to survive past climate aridification. This same interaction can be expected to buffer the effects of current climate change, which is tending to become more arid in the Mediterranean basin. However, facilitation may wane when stress conditions are extreme. Here we argue that the erosion of the facilitation signal between <em>Quercus ilex</em> and its nurses detected by García-Fayos et al. (2020) along 50 years in the eastern Iberian Peninsula may have been due to the reversion of facilitation to competition imposed by an increasingly arid climate. To support this speculation, we reconstructed the climatic niche of <em>Q. ilex </em>and its nurses as well as the local climate change occurring in the populations studied. We found that the decreasing trend in precipitation is pushing <em>Q. ilex</em> out of its climatic optimum in the stressful (semi-arid) but not in the mild (sub-humid) habitats. These results suggest that facilitation will be unable to mitigate the effects of climate change, especially those related to aridification. However, other scenarios linking climatic change with herbivory and rural abandonment should be considered to fully understand the past, present and future of facilitation interactions. Reconstructing past interactions can serve as an early warning signal about the future of populations in the face of climate change.</p>
Data from: Evidence for reductions in physical and chemical plant defense traits in island flora
<p>Reduced defense against large herbivores has been suggested to be part of the "island syndrome" in plants. However, empirical evidence for this pattern is mixed. In this paper, we present two studies that compare putative physical and chemical defense traits from plants on the California Channel Islands and nearby mainland based on sampling of both field and common garden plants. In the first study, we focus on five pairs of woody shrubs from three island and three mainland locations and find evidence for increased leaf area, decreased marginal leaf spines, and decreased concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides in island plants. We observed similar increases in leaf area and decreases in defense traits when comparing island and mainland genotypes grown together in botanic gardens, suggesting that trait differences are not solely driven by abiotic differences between island and mainland sites. In the second study, we conducted a common garden experiment with a perennial herb—<em>Stachys bullata </em>(Lamiaceae)—collected from two island and four mainland locations. Compared to their mainland relatives, island genotypes show highly reduced glandular trichomes and a nearly 100-fold reduction in mono- and sesquiterpene compounds from leaf surfaces. Island genotypes also had significantly higher specific leaf area, somewhat lower rates of gas exchange, and greater aboveground biomass than mainland genotypes across two years of study, potentially reflecting a broader shift in growth habit. Together, our results provide evidence for reduced expression of putative defense traits in island plants, though these results may reflect adaptation to both biotic (i.e., the historical absence of large herbivores) and climatic conditions on islands.</p>
F I G U R E 6 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 6 Correlation between relative swimming depths and inflow discharge for upstream- and downstream-swimming eels during the day and night in the river reach. Solid lines represent significant relationships, broken lines insignificant ones. Situation:, downstream day;, downstream night;, upstream day;, upstream night
Fig. 1 in Protease inhibitors of fodder plants as a factor of immune response influencing the physiological state of the potato ladybird beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Fig. 1. Analysis of the population of the potato ladybird beetle with the species-specific PCR-markers of the gene COI mtDNA. А – species-specific marker for H. vigintioctopunctata, 400 b.p.; Б – species-specific marker for H. vigintioctomaculata, 406 b.p.; М – marker of the lengths of fragments 100 b.p. ladder; 1–3 – Primorsky krai: Chuguevsky district; 4–6 – Amurskaya oblast; 7–17 – Primorsky krai: Timiryazevsky.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.