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FIG. 3 in Evaluation of Tagging Methods for Unique Identification of Individuals in Three Aquatic Eurycea Salamander Species

FIG. 3. Examples of the different type of scenarios with tags in the study with time series photos and corresponding scores for expert readability (Read), breakage (Break), and percent remaining (%). (A) Depicts E. rathbuni with near faultless horizontal VIE tag, black-blue-pink. (B) A typical horizontal VIE tag on Texas Blind Salamander, purple-yellow-pink. (C) A vertical VIE tag on Texas Blind Salamander showing how the elastomer spreads into costal grooves and breaks along those lines, orange-green-red. (D) San Marcos Salamander with vertical VIE tag showing partial tag migration between month 6 and 9. Bottom portion of second yellow line migrates toward third green line, yellow-yellow-green. This individual had a previous horizontal green mark for sex. (E) Comal Springs Salamander with vertical VIE tag portraying partial tag loss of pink line between month 6 and 9, yellow-pink-red. (F) A Texas Blind Salamander, part of pilot tagging group tagged in June 2018, that was followed during the study, depicting a long-term horizontal VIE tag, orange-yellow-orange.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2022View details →

FIG. 2 in Evaluation of Tagging Methods for Unique Identification of Individuals in Three Aquatic Eurycea Salamander Species

FIG. 2. Body size ranges for three aquatic salamanders (Eurycea spp.) varied by species and animal age. (A) Largest F1 Texas Blind Salamander, in the first group to receive PIT tags. (B) Average size representative of Texas Blind Salamanders to receive horizontal VIA and VIE tags, approximately 2–5 plus years of age. (C) 8.4 mm PIT tag. (D) Average size of vertical VIE-tagged Texas Blind Salamanders, approximately nine months to 1.5 years of age. (E) Average size of San Marcos Salamanders used in study, 2 plus years of age. (F) Average size of Comal Springs Salamanders used in study, 2 plus years of age.

FIG. 2 in Maternal Body Size and Condition Predict Measures of Reproductive Success and Future Reproductive Allocation in Territorial Eastern Red-Backed Salamanders

FIG. 2. The regression of number of surviving offspring (at 185 d posthatching) on (A) maternal body size (SVL in mm) and (B) maternal condition (residuals of the regression of maternal mass, mm, on maternal body size, SVL in mm).

FIG. 3 in Maternal Body Size and Condition Predict Measures of Reproductive Success and Future Reproductive Allocation in Territorial Eastern Red-Backed Salamanders

FIG. 3. The body size of siblings that did and did not survive to 185 d after hatching. Each point represents the mean SVL of siblings from a single female that did or did not survive. The diagonal line represents the hypothetical situation in which the body size of siblings that did and did not survive are equal.

FIG. 1 in Maternal Body Size and Condition Predict Measures of Reproductive Success and Future Reproductive Allocation in Territorial Eastern Red-Backed Salamanders

FIG. 1. The regression of (A) clutch size (number of eggs) and of (B) mean juvenile size (measured as mean snout–vent length, SVL, in mm per clutch) on maternal body size (SVL in mm).

FIG. 4 in Maternal Body Size and Condition Predict Measures of Reproductive Success and Future Reproductive Allocation in Territorial Eastern Red-Backed Salamanders

FIG. 4. The regression of number of developing oocytes (visible through the body wall) produced by females on (A) maternal body size (SVL in mm) and (B) maternal condition (residuals of the regression of maternal mass, mm, on maternal body size, SVL in mm).

FIGURE 8. A in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 8. A large (75mm SVL) adult Desmognathus intermedius (RAP2814) from Wycle Fork (NC: Haywood) in life. Note the faded lichenous dorsal patches muddled into more indistinct blotches. Photo courtesy of MAS.

FIGURE 6 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 6. An adult Desmognathus marmoratus from Hickory Creek (NC: Henderson), from the isolated population (marmoratus G) in Hickory Nut Gorge. This phylogeographic sublineage of D. marmoratus contains significant genomic ancestry from D. intermedius and potentially other Pisgah-clade species (Pyron et al. 2022c). Photo courtesy of M.A. Seldes (UGA).

FIGURE 2 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 2. Map of the Lower New River drainage (HUC8:05050004) in West Virginia (WV) showing surveyed localities from our recent fieldwork (2020–2022), highlighting sites containing Desmognathus kanawha, D. marmoratus, no aquatic Desmognathus, and likely candidates for future surveys. Each area was searched for at least 1 person/hour, netting the effluent of disturbed riffle zones adequate to detect Shovel-nosed Salamanders. The New (Kanawha) River is indicated in dark blue, with tributaries in gray. In addition to Piney Creek which we consider a likely site (?), numerous additional creeks and streams in the region remain to be evaluated. Watershed data are projected at 1:24,000 from the National Hydrography Dataset (https://www. usgs.gov/national-hydrography/national-hydrography-dataset), accessed 7 November 2022. Literature record (lit.) from Wooten and Rissler (2011).

FIGURE 1 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 1. Map of genetic, specimen-vouchered, and literature localities for the three species of Shovel-nosed Salamanders, from our collections (RAP and DAB) and Martof (1956), Jackson (2005), Kozak et al. (2005), Wooten and Rissler (2011), Beamer and Lamb (2020), and Pyron et al. (2022c). Type localities are indicated with inverted triangles, and the site indicated in grey is a dubious locality reported by Wooten and Rissler (2011). Our extensive fieldwork at this and numerous other sites in the headwaters of the New (Kanawha) River yielded no specimens. State abbreviations are GA—Georgia, SC—South Carolina, NC—North Carolina, TN—Tennessee, VA—Virginia, and WV—West Virginia.

FIGURE 5 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 5. An adult Desmognathus marmoratus from Laurel Creek (VA: Smyth). Note the indistinctiveness of the dorsal color pattern. Photo courtesy of T.W. Pierson (KSU).

FIGURE 7 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 7. An adult Desmognathus aureatus from Pruitt Creek (GA: Lumpkin), near the type locality. Note the brighter yellow or golden lichenous dorsal blotches. Photo courtesy of MAS.

FIGURE 9 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 9. An adult Desmognathus intermedius from Little Santeetlah Creek (NC: Graham). Note the uniformly muddled dorsal blotches forming an indistinct pattern. Photo courtesy of MAS.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2022View details →

FIG. 4 in Evaluation of Tagging Methods for Unique Identification of Individuals in Three Aquatic Eurycea Salamander Species

FIG. 4. (A) ''E13'' illustrates an ideal subcutaneous VIA tag. (B) ''E22'' illustrates a poor-quality VIA tag, with the code being blurred beyond legibility by both the angle and depth of tag insertion and melanophores that blur the numbers.

FIG. 7 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 7. Kaplan-Meier survival plots of (a) avian attacks and (b) mammalian attacks on striped and unstriped clay models (n = 40 each) that were checked weekly over 3 wk. (a) Unstriped models of P. cinereus were significantly more likely to not be attacked by birds (solid line, n = 38) than striped models (dashed line, n = 31) (Z = 5.04, P = 0.0248). (b) There was no difference in models' ''survival'' from mammalian attacks based on color (striped: n = 31; unstriped: n = 30; Z = 0.07, P = 0.787).

FIG. 6 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 6. The cumulative model weights for encounter probability (p) in Spring 2013, 2014, 2015 showed equivocal support for both age and color morph (a X c) affecting encounter probability in the spring seasons; the null model (.) had similar weights. In Fall 2013 and 2014, the model including both age and color morph (a X c) was more heavily weighted than the other models in each year.

FIG. 4 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 4. Color morph frequencies varied based on age but not adult sex. Juveniles of P. cinereus (SVL <28 mm) had a significantly higher frequency (mean ± SE) of striped individuals than adults (SVL> 35 mm; X2 = 3.177, P = 0.049, n = 356). Adult males and females of Plethodon cinereus (SVL> 1 35 mm) did not differ in frequencies of striped and unstriped color morphs (X2 = 0.90, P = 0.210, n = 286).

FIG. 3 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 3. Examples of clay model replicates of adult striped (top) and unstriped (bottom) Plethodon cinereus.

opennotspecifiedJun 2017View details →

FIG. 1 in Climate-Mediated Competition in a High-Elevation Salamander Community

FIG. 1. (a) Cross-section diagram of the experimental mesocosm with numerical labels indicating surface and underground layers: (1) misting nozzle, (2) surface atmosphere, (3) soil layer, (4) first interstitial space, (5) burrow, (6) second interstitial space, and (0) bulkhead. Arrows indicate directional water flow. (b) Lateral view of a constructed mesocosm (without lid and heat cables). Subsurface spaces and burrows are visible below the soil/litter layer with cover objects.

FIG. 2 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 2. Map of the location of the study site (Nanticoke River Wildlife Management Area, Wicomico County, Maryland, USA) in Eastern North America.