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1,742 results for “activity data”
Data from: Patterns of activity and body temperature of Aldabra giant tortoises in relation to environmental temperature
We studied the temperature relations of wild and zoo Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea) focusing on: 1) the relationship between environmental temperature and tortoise activity patterns (n=8 wild individuals), and 2) on tortoise body temperature fluctuations, including how their core and external body temperatures vary in relation to different environmental temperature ranges (seasons; n=4 wild, and n=5 zoo individuals). In addition, we surveyed the literature to review the effect of body mass on core body temperature range in relation to environmental temperature in the Testudinidae. Diurnal activity of tortoises was bimodally distributed, and influenced by environmental temperature and season. The mean air temperature at which activity is maximised was 27.9˚C, with a range of 25.8–31.7˚C. Furthermore, air temperature predicted changes in the core body temperature better than did mass, and only during the coldest trial did tortoises with higher mass show more stable temperatures. Our results, together with the overall Testudinidae overview, suggest that, once variation in environmental temperature has been taken into account, there is little effect of mass on the temperature stability of tortoises. Moreover, the presence of thermal inertia in an individual tortoise depends on the environmental temperatures, and we found no evidence for inertial homeothermy. Finally, patterns of core and external body temperatures in comparison to environmental temperatures suggest that Aldabra giant tortoises act as mixed conformer-regulators. Our study provides a baseline to manage the thermal environment of wild and rewilded populations of an important island ecosystem engineer species in an era of climate change.
Data from: Genetic diversity and population structure of Glossina morsitans morsitans in the active foci of human African trypanosomiasis in Zambia and Malawi
The tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, is a significant problem in Zambia and Malawi. It is the vector for the human infective parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which causes human African trypanosomiasis, and various Trypanosoma species, which cause African animal trypanosomiasis. Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of G. m. morsitans is the basis of elucidating the connectivity of the tsetse fly populations, information that is essential in implementing successful tsetse fly control activities. This study conducted a population genetic study using partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene 1 (CO1) and 10 microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of G. m. morsitans captured in the major HAT foci in Zambia and Malawi. We have included 108 and 99 G. m. morsitans samples for CO1 and microsatellite analyses respectively. Our results suggest the presence of two different genetic clusters of G. m. morsitans, existing East and West of the escarpment of the Great Rift Valley. We have also revealed genetic similarity between the G. m. morsitans in Kasungu National Park and those in the Luangwa river basin in Zambia, indicating that this population should also be included in this historical tsetse belt. Although further investigation is necessary to illustrate the whole picture in East and Southern Africa, this study has extended our knowledge of the population structure of G. m. morsitans in Southern Africa.
Data from: Grouper (Epinephelidae) spawning aggregations affect activity space of grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, in Pohnpei, Micronesia
Fish spawning aggregations (FSA) act as biological hotspots that concentrate food and nutrients across a broad trophic spectrum. In Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia), 20 female grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) were acoustically tagged at two multi-species grouper (Epinephelidae) FSA to examine the likelihood that these mesopredators utilize FSA as a seasonal food source. Both FSA sites are within small-scale MPAs, thus providing a secondary opportunity to examine their conservation potential during these ephemeral events. Shark movement and residency was gauged against known spatial and temporal grouper reproductive patterns using an array of 15 and 50 acoustic receivers at Ant Atoll and Pohnpei (Island), respectively. Activity space was investigated using Kernel Density estimates of individual sharks, and residency indices (RI) were analyzed based on daily and monthly occurrence at the array. Three distinct residency patterns were identified: transient, semi-transient, or resident (Daily RI <0.40, >0.40<0.80, or >0.80, respectively). Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to identify biological and environmental factors influencing shark activity space, including month, temperature, shark size, spawning month, and residency pattern. Findings revealed significant changes in average monthly residency indices and kernel densities during spawning months in support of an opportunistic foraging strategy around FSA. Monthly residency was higher during spawning months among semi-resident and transient sharks, while average monthly activity space was concentrated around FSA. Best-fit models for the GLMM indicated that activity spaces were most influenced by month and grouper spawning month. Seven of 20 sharks demonstrated inter-island movement and wide variations in individual movement and spatial requirements were shown. The concentration of sharks and groupers at unprotected FSA sites increases their vulnerability to fishing and supports the need for combined area and non-area management measures to effectively protect these species.
Data from: How are different levels of knowledge about physical activity associated with physical activity behaviour in Australian adults?
People with knowledge of the benefits of physical activity tend to be more active; however, such knowledge is typically operationalized as a basic understanding that physical activity is 'good' for health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in how detailed a person's knowledge is about the benefits of physical activity. Participants (N=615) completed an online survey to measure their current physical activity behaviour, as well as their level of knowledge of the benefits and risks of physical (in)activity. The majority of participants (99.6%) strongly agreed that physical activity is good for health, however on average, participants only identified 13.8 out of 22 diseases associated with physical inactivity and over half of participants (55.6%) could not identify how much physical activity is recommended for health benefits. Furthermore, 45% of the participants overestimated, 9% underestimated and 27% did not know the increased risk of disease resulting from inactivity as indicated by the Australian Department of Health. Participants were significantly more active when they correctly identified more diseases associated with physical inactivity and when they overestimated the risks associated with inactivity. Therefore, health promotion initiatives should increase knowledge of the types of diseases associated with inactivity. Low knowledge of physical activity guidelines suggest they should be promoted more, as this knowledge provides guidance on frequency, types and duration of physical activity needed for health.
Data from: Temporal and spatial activity-associated energy partitioning in free-swimming sea snakes
1. Partitioning energy between critical basal functions and activity-associated behaviours is a primary determinant of animal survival. Consequently, habitat selection is likely to be driven by the efficiency with which resources can be acquired from a heterogeneous energy landscape. 2. Determining how energy partitioning is achieved across temporal and spatial scales is particularly challenging in aquatic animals due to the logistical limitations in estimating field metabolic rates (FMR) while simultaneously examining habitat choice. 3. Here, accelerometry telemetry and bimodal respirometry were used to correlate vectorial dynamic body acceleration (<i>VeDBA</i>) with oxygen consumption rates (<i>V̇o<sub>2</sub></i>) of sea snakes (<i>Hydrophis curtus</i> and <i>H. elegans</i>) across an ecologically-relevant temperature range. Subsequently, <i>VeDBA</i> of free-roaming snakes was used to estimate activity-associated FMR within a near-shore environment over diel, seasonal and spatial scales. 4. Diel changes in activity explained short-term patterns in FMR, whereas seasonal changes in water temperature drove long-term patterns. Spatial analyses demonstrated that activity-associated FMR was elevated in productive seagrass and mudflat habitats, indicative of a concentration of foraging efforts. 5. Our findings illustrate for the first time how sea snakes partition activity-associated FMR across time and space, providing an approach by which we can monitor the impacts of, and vulnerabilities to, natural and anthropogenic disturbances like warming and trawl fisheries.
Data from: Na+/K+ pump interacts with the h-current to control bursting activity in central pattern generator neurons of leeches
The dynamics of different ionic currents shape the bursting activity of neurons and networks that control motor output. Despite being ubiquitous in all animal cells, the contribution of the Na+/K+ pump current to such bursting activity has not been well studied. We used monensin, a Na+/H+ antiporter, to examine the role of the pump on the bursting activity of oscillator heart interneurons in leeches. When we stimulated the pump with monensin, the period of these neurons decreased significantly, an effect that was prevented or reversed when the h-current was blocked by Cs+. The decreased period could also occur if the pump was inhibited with strophanthidin or K+-free saline. Our monensin results were reproduced in model, which explains the pump's contributions to bursting activity based on Na+ dynamics. Our results indicate that a dynamically oscillating pump current that interacts with the h-current can regulate the bursting activity of neurons and networks.
Data from: First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier's beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar
Most marine mammal strandings coincident with naval sonar exercises have involved Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris). We recorded acoustic and animal movement data on two tagged Ziphius and obtained the first direct measurements of behavioural responses of this species to mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar signals. Each recording included a 30-minute playback (one 1.6-s simulated MFA sonar signal repeated every 25 s); one whale was also incidentally exposed to MFA sonar from distant naval exercises. Whales responded strongly to playbacks at low received levels (89-127 dB re1µPa): after ceasing normal fluking and echolocation, they swam rapidly, silently away, extending both dive duration and subsequent non-foraging interval. Distant sonar exercises (78-106 dB re 1 µPa) did not elicit such responses, suggesting that context may moderate reactions. The observed responses to playback occurred at received levels well below current regulatory thresholds; equivalent responses to operational sonars could elevate stranding risk and reduce foraging efficiency.
Data from: Naturally-occurring changes in social-cognitive factors modify change in physical activity during early adolescence
Purpose. To determine whether naturally-occurring changes in children's motives and beliefs are associated with the steep decline in physical activity observed from childhood to early adolescence. Methods. Latent growth modeling was applied in longitudinal tests of social-cognitive influences, and their interactions, on physical activity in a large cohort of boys and girls evaluated annually between 5th and 7th grades. Results. Measurement equivalence of motives and beliefs was confirmed between boys and girls. After adjustment for gender and maturity differences, physical activity declined less in children who reported the least decreases in self-efficacy for overcoming barriers to activity and perceived parental support. Physical activity also declined less in students who persistently felt they had more parental and friend support for activity compared to those who reported the largest decrease in support from friends. After further adjustment for race, the decline in physical activity was less in those who had the largest decrease in perceived barriers and maintained a favorable perception of their neighborhood environment. Changes in enjoyment and social motives were unrelated to change in physical activity. Conclusion. Using an objective measure of physical activity, we confirm that naturally-occurring changes in children's beliefs about barriers to physical activity and their ability to overcome them, as well as perceptions of their neighborhood environment and social support, are concurrent with age-related declines in children's physical activity. The longitudinal findings confirm these putative social-cognitive mediators as plausible, interacting targets of interventions designed to mitigate the marked decline in physical activity that occurs during the transition between elementary and middle schools.
Data from: Locomotor activity and body temperature patterns over a temperature gradient in the highveld mole-rat (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae)
African mole-rats are strictly subterranean mammals that live in extensive burrow systems. High humidity levels in the burrows prevent mole-rats from thermoregulating using evaporative cooling. However, the relatively stable environment of the burrows promotes moderate temperatures and small daily temperature fluctuations. Mole-rats therefore display a relatively wide range of thermoregulation abilities. Some species cannot maintain their body temperatures at a constant level, whereas others employ behavioural thermoregulation. Here we test the effect of ambient temperature on locomotor activity and body temperature, and the relationship between the two parameters, in the highveld mole-rat. We exposed mole-rats to a 12L:12D and a DD light cycle at ambient temperatures of 30°C, 25°C and 20°C while locomotor activity and body temperature were measured simultaneously. In addition, we investigated the endogenous rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature at different ambient temperatures. Mole-rats displayed nocturnal activity at all three ambient temperatures and were most active at 20°C, but least active at 30°C. Body temperature was highest at 30°C and lowest at 20°C, and the daily cycle was highly correlated with locomotor activity. We show that the mole-rats have endogenous rhythms for both locomotor activity and body temperature. However, the endogenous body temperature rhythm appears to be less robust compared to the locomotor activity rhythm. Female mole-rats appear to be more sensitive to temperature changes than males, increased heterothermy is evident at lower ambient temperatures, whilst males show smaller variation in their body temperatures with changing ambient temperatures. Mole-rats may rely more heavily on behavioural thermoregulation as it is more energy efficient in an already challenging environment.
Data from: Before platelets: the production of platelet activating factor during growth and stress in a basal marine organism
Corals and humans represent two extremely disparate metazoan lineages and are therefore useful for comparative evolutionary studies. Two lipid-based molecules that are central to human immunity, platelet activating factor (PAF) and Lyso-PAF were recently identified in scleractinian corals. To identify processes in corals that involve these molecules, PAF and Lyso-PAF biosynthesis was quantified in conditions known to stimulate PAF production in mammals (tissue growth and exposure to elevated levels of ultraviolet light) and in conditions unique to corals (competing with neighboring colonies over benthic space). Similar to observations in mammals, PAF production was higher in regions of active tissue growth and increased when corals were exposed to elevated levels of ultraviolet light. PAF production also increased when corals were attacked by the stinging cells of a neighboring colony, though only the attacked coral exhibited an increase in PAF. This reaction was observed in adjacent areas of the colony, indicating that this response is coordinated across multiple polyps including those not directly subject to the stress. PAF and Lyso-PAF are involved in coral stress responses that are both shared with mammals and unique to the ecology of cnidarians.
Data from: Biophysical modeling of the temporal niche: from first principles to the evolution of activity patterns
Most mammals can be characterized as nocturnal or diurnal. However infrequently, species may overcome evolutionary constraints and alter their activity patterns. We modeled the fundamental temporal niche of a diurnal desert rodent, the golden spiny mouse, Acomys russatus. This species can shift into nocturnal activity in the absence of its congener, the common spiny mouse, A. cahirinus, suggesting that it was competitively driven into diurnality, and that this shift in a small desert rodent may involve physiological costs. Therefore, we compared metabolic costs of diurnal vs. nocturnal activity using a biophysical model to evaluate the preferred temporal niche of this species. The model predicted that energy expenditure during foraging is almost always lower during the day except during mid-day in summer at the less sheltered microhabitat. We also found that a shift in summer to foraging in less sheltered microhabitats in response to predation pressure and food availability involves a significant physiological cost moderated by midday reduction in activity. Thus adaptation to diurnality may reflect the 'ghost of competition past'; Climate-driven diurnality is an alternative but less likely hypothesis. While climate is considered to play a major role in the physiology and evolution of mammals, this is the first study to model its effect on the evolution of activity patterns of mammals.
Data from: Exploration profiles drive activity patterns and temporal niche specialization in a wild rodent
<p>Individual niche specialization can have important consequences for competition, fitness, and ultimately population dynamics and ecological speciation. The temporal window and the level of daily activity are niche components that may vary with sex, breeding season, food supply, population density, and predator's circadian rhythm. More recently, ecologists emphasized that traits such as dispersal and space use could depend on personality differences. Boldness and exploration have been shown to correlate with variation in foraging patterns, habitat use, and home range. Here we assessed the link between exploration, measured from repeated novel environment tests, activity patterns, and temporal niche specialization in wild eastern chipmunks (<i>Tamias striatus</i>). Intrinsic differences in exploration should drive daily activity patterns through differences in energy requirements, space use, or the speed to access resources. We used collar-mounted accelerometers to assess whether individual exploration profiles predicted: (1) daily overall dynamic body acceleration, reflecting overall activity levels; (2) mean activity duration and the rate of activity sequences, reflecting the structure of daily activity; and (3) patterns of dawn and dusk activity, reflecting temporal niche differentiation. Exploration and overall activity levels were weakly related. However, both dawn activity and rate of activity sequences increased with the speed of exploration. Overall, activity patterns varied according to temporal variability in food conditions. This study emphasizes the role of intrinsic behavioral differences in activity patterns in a wild animal population. Future studies will help us understand how yearly seasonality in reproduction, food abundance, and population density modulate personality-dependent foraging patterns and temporal niche specialization.</p>
Data from: How self-stigma affects patient activation in persons with type 2 diabetes
<p><span><span><span><b><span>Objectives</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span>Self-stigma is associated with lower patient activation levels for self-care in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the causal pathway linking self-stigma with patient activation for self-care has not been shown. In order to determine how self-stigma affects patient activation for self-care, we tested a two-path hypothetical model both directly and as mediated by self-esteem and self-efficacy.</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><b><span>Design</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span>A cross-sectional study</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><b><span>Setting</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span>2 university hospitals, 1 general hospital, and 1 clinic in Japan</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><b><span>Participants</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span>T2DM outpatients receiving treatment (n = 209) completed a self-administered questionnaire comprising the Self-Stigma Scale, Patient Activation Measure, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, hemoglobin A1c test, age, sex, and BMI.</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><b><span>Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span>Self-stigma levels were measured by using the Self-Stigma Scale. Patient activation levels were measured by the Patient Activation Measure.</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><b><span>Results</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span>Path analysis showed a strong relationship between self-stigma and patient activation (χ<sup>2 </sup>= 27.55, <i>p</i> = 0.120; GFI = 0.97; AGFI = 0.94; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.04). Self-stigma had a direct effect on patient activation (β = −0.20; <i>p</i> = 0.002). Indirectly, self-stigma affected patient activation along two paths (β = 0.31; <i>p</i> < 0.001) by reducing self-esteem (β = −0.22; p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (β = −0.36; p < 0.001).</span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><b><span>Conclusions</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span>Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, longitudinal changes between all the variables cannot be established. However, the findings indicate that self-stigma affected patient activation for self-care, both directly and as mediated by self-esteem and self-efficacy. Interventions that increase self-esteem and self-efficacy may decrease self-stigma in T2DM patients, thus increasing patient activation for self-care.</span></p>
Data from: Repeatable, continuous and real-time estimates of coupled nitrogenase activity and carbon exchange at the whole-plant scale
1. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) by higher plants and their bacterial symbionts is a globally important input of nitrogen. Our understanding of the mechanisms that control SNF and the timescales over which they operate has been constrained by limitations of the existing methods for measuring SNF. One method, Acetylene Reduction Assays by Cavity-ring down laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ARACAS), seems promising, as it is highly sensitive and gives rapid, continuous, repeatable and real-time measurements of nitrogenase activity. ARACAS has been used to study nitrogen fixation in lichens, mosses and asymbiotic bacteria, but adapting it to higher plants poses challenges because acetylene and ethylene can influence plant function. 2. Here we report modifications to ARACAS that allow it to be used on higher plants in an environmentally-controlled incubation chamber. The modifications include lower concentrations of acetylene (2%) and ethylene and concurrent measurements of whole chamber CO2 exchange, H2O exchange and nitrogenase activity, linking nitrogenase activity to whole-plant rates of photosynthesis and respiration. 3. After propagating the error terms from all sources, we establish the following parameters of the method: (A) The detection limit of our method was 2-3 ppbv C2H4 hr-1, although it rose substantially when we used tank-derived acetylene, which has much higher ethylene contamination; (B) Repeated measures at a frequency of 3 days or longer did not diminish nitrogenase activity or photosynthesis, although daily measurements diminished nitrogenase activity; (C) This method can detect changes at timescales as short as seconds; (D) Continuous measurement of nitrogenase activity is maintained above 90% of the maximum rate for 7.0 ± 1.3 (mean ± SD) hours. 4. This method has the potential to improve our understanding of the controls over SNF and therefore how SNF and global nitrogen and carbon cycling are likely to be affected by global change.
Data from: Limits on information transduction through amplitude and frequency regulation of transcription factor activity
Signaling pathways often transmit multiple signals through a single shared transcription factor (TF) and encode signal information by differentially regulating TF dynamics. However, signal information will be lost unless it can be reliably decoded by downstream genes. To understand the limits on dynamic information transduction, we apply information theory to quantify how much gene expression information the yeast TF Msn2 can transduce to target genes in the amplitude or frequency of its activation dynamics. We find that although the amount of information transmitted by Msn2 to single target genes is limited, information transduction can be increased by modulating promoter cis-elements or by integrating information from multiple genes. By correcting for extrinsic noise, we estimate an upper bound on information transduction. Overall, we find that information transduction through amplitude and frequency regulation of Msn2 is limited to error-free transduction of signal identity, but not signal intensity information.
Data from: The activity of dung beetles increases foliar nutrient concentration in tropical seedlings
Dung beetles are extensively used as a focal taxon in tropical forests. Yet, information for most of their ecological functions comes from other systems. We present results from a field experiment in a tropical rainforest showing that dung beetle activity increases foliar phosphorus concentration in seedlings of the tree Brosimum lactescens. Our results open new lines of research to assess the multiple effects that dung beetles may have on rainforest plants.
Drug activity data
<p>Three sets of approved drugs with associated activity data at varying confidence levels are provided. Approved drugs are taken from DrugBank. Each drug in each set is associated with ChEMBL activity records for individual time intervals.</p>
Sampling data accompanying "An aerosol activation metamodel of v1.2.0 of the pyrcel cloud parcel model: Development and offline assessment for use in an aerosol-climate model"
<p>Datasets recording sampling results, accompanying the manuscript <em>An aerosol activation metamodel of v1.2.0 of the pyrcel cloud parcel model: Development and offline assessment for use in an aerosol-climate model, </em>Rothenberg, D. and Wang, C., submitted, GMD. Please see the included README for more details.</p>
Data file for paper: " In situ electrochemical quantification of active sites in Fe–N/C non-precious metal catalysts.", Nature. Communications, 7, 13285 doi: 10.1038/ncomms13285 (2016).
<p>The data in this spreadsheet was used to produce the figures in the paper</p> <p>Malko, D., Kucernak, A and Lopes, T, " In situ electrochemical quantification of active sites in Fe–N/C non-precious metal catalysts." </p> <p>Nat. Commun., 7, 13285 doi: 10.1038/ncomms13285 (2016).</p> <p>Please cite the above reference if you wish to use this data</p>
FIGURE 11 in A new synonym of the biting midge, Culicoides bottimeri Wirth, with a redescription, new distribution records and seasonal activity data (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
FIGURE 11. Seasonal distribution of adult Culicoides bottimeri in Grand County, Utah during 2001–2003.
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