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Fig. 2 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 2. Size (total length, in mm) versus age (in days) in four specimens of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave born in laboratory in March 2003.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 4. Size (total length, in mm) versus age (in days) of two wild caught specimens of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Angélica Cave kept in laboratory.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 1. (a) Reproductive adults of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave kept in laboratory: two females (to the left) and male (to the right, dorso-posterior region of the head red-colored); arrow indicates the entrance of the shelter occupied by the male. Photograph taken on April 2004. (b) Cluster of eggs adhered to the ceiling of the shelter, average diameter = 4.0 mm. (c) Area around the shelter entrance (within the white circle) defended by the male (close to the center of the circle). (d) Clockwise from the top left: embrio (eyes visible), newly hatched larva (10.4 mm TL), more advanced larva (12.5 mm TL), with yolk-sac almost completely absorbed. (e) Top: 53 mm long juvenile from Passa Três Cave, with regressed eyes; arrow indicates the orbit reduced to a small depression covered with skin. Bottom: 53 mm long juvenile from Angélica Cave, probable the same age as the former, showing non-regressed eyes. (f) Detail of the head of the juvenile from Passa Três; arrows indicate the first primordia of tentacles.

Fig. 1 in Scientific Note Feeding behavior and follower fishes of Myrichthys ocellatus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) in the western Atlantic

Fig. 1. Capture sequence of Myrichthys ocellatus involving head and tail: (a) initial scattering movements with the head; (b) tail taking over the position of the head; (c) widening hole with the tail; (d) moment of prey capture. Illustrated by Francisco Costa.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 6. Eye size (diameter, in mm) versus age (in days) in three selected specimens (from left to right) of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave; right eye on the top, left eye on the bottom.

Fig. 3 in Scientific Note Feeding behavior and follower fishes of Myrichthys ocellatus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) in the western Atlantic

Fig. 3. Interspecific foraging association between Myrichthys ocellatus and Epinephelus adscensionis. The head of the follower fish is close to the Goldspotted eel, which is in a hole seeking for prey. Photo by M. E. Araújo.

Fig. 3 in Scientific Note Behavior of prey links midwater and demersal piscivorous reef fishes

Fig. 3. Results of hierarchical clustering using the group average linkage method. The dendrogram illustrates variable strengths in multi-species relationships and patterns of species groupings (species codes as in Table 2).

Fig. 2 in Scientific Note Behavior of prey links midwater and demersal piscivorous reef fishes

Fig. 2. Black sea bass Centropristis striata and bank sea bass Centropristis ocyurus (left) in typical orientation at edge of ledge before ambush feeding on prey fish. Two scamp Mycteroperca phenax (right, indicated by arrows) along ledge move towards high density aggregation of prey fishes. Mycteroperca phenax attacked prey fishes subsequent to this photograph.

Fig. 1. A in Scientific Note Behavior of prey links midwater and demersal piscivorous reef fishes

Fig. 1. A school of blue runner Caranx crysos (top left) and group of greater amberjack Seriola dumerili (right, one visible in photograph) drive prey fishes down to ledge habitat during predation events.

Fig. 1 in Oxidative stress biomarkers and aggressive behavior in fish exposed to aquatic cadmium contamination

Fig. 1. Effects of cadmium exposure on aggressiveness parameters of Nile tilapia. Values are means (± SD). * = Statistically different from control.

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Fig. 3. A in Scientific Note Schooling behavior of Mugil curema (Perciformes: Mugilidae) in an estuary in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. A school of Mugil curema, in a fast movement pattern, with polarized individuals (observed from above).

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Fig. 2 in Scientific Note Schooling behavior of Mugil curema (Perciformes: Mugilidae) in an estuary in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 2. The distribution of individuals of Mugil curema in the water column while feeding, in a slow-movement school pattern, with polarized individuals (viewed as a cross-section of the stream).

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Fig. 1. A in Scientific Note Schooling behavior of Mugil curema (Perciformes: Mugilidae) in an estuary in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. A stationary school of Mugil curema, composed of small individuals in a shallow shoreline area (observed from the surface). In this situation, the fish are not polarized, and their arrangement resembles a chaotic image.

Fig. 6 in A new cave species of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Serra do Ramalho, northeastern Brazil, with notes on ecology and behavior

Fig. 6. Dorsal view of the neurocranium of R. enfurnada (MZUSP 87779). AF, anterior fontanel; "IS", infraorbital bone series; FR, frontal; L, lachrymal; LE, lateral ethmoid; ME, mesethmoid; PF, posterior fontanel; PM, premaxilla; PT, pterotic; SP, sphenotic; SU, supraoccipital. Scale bar 2.5 mm. Drawing: F. D. Passos.

Fig. 7 in A new cave species of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Serra do Ramalho, northeastern Brazil, with notes on ecology and behavior

Fig. 7. Boxplots showing the proportions of R. enfurnada (a) and Rhamdia cf. quelen (b) found to be significantly different. HW:SL (head width:standard length), MB:SL (maxillary barbel length:standard length), IMB:SL (inner mental barbel length:standard length), IOW:HL (interorbital width:head length), ORB:HL (orbital diameter:head length), DFH:SL (dorsal fin height:standard length), PSL:PFL (pectoral-spine length:pectoral fin length), AFB:SL (anal-fin base length:standard length), AC:SL (anal origin to caudal base:standard length), CPD:CPL (caudal-peduncle depth:caudal peduncle length).

Fig. 5 in A new cave species of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Serra do Ramalho, northeastern Brazil, with notes on ecology and behavior

Fig. 5. Left pectoral fin spine of R. enfurnada showing the anterior margin with four retrorse dentations (MZUSP 87779). Scale bar, 2.5 mm. Drawing: F. D. Passos.

Fig. 1 in A new cave species of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Serra do Ramalho, northeastern Brazil, with notes on ecology and behavior

Fig. 1. Rhamdia enfurnada from Gruna do Enfurnado, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil; a, b, holotype, MZUSP 87776, 137.8 mm SL, in lateral and dorsal views, respectively; c, holotype, detail showing the long posterior-cleithral process (PCP). Scale bar, 20 mm. Drawing: F. D. Passos.

Fig. 4 in A new cave species of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Serra do Ramalho, northeastern Brazil, with notes on ecology and behavior

Fig. 4. Eye size variability of two paratypes of R. enfurnada; a, reduced eyes (32.9 mm HL); b, externally invisible eyes, with a conspicuous orbital concavity (32.1 mm HL); (MZUSP 87777).

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Fig. 1. A in Scientific Note Courtship behavior and spawning of the hairy blenny Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Labrisomidae) in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. A couple of Labrisomus nuchipinnis (about 150 mm TL) engaged in a "mating cycle" at São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Photos and drawings: FZG & HFS.