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Figure 7 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 7. Celleporina diota (Marcus, 1938). (A) General view of the colony; (B) frontal view of the colony showing lateral avicularia, sinus, and ovicells; (C) ovicell detail. Scale bars: A: 300 µm; B: 100 µm; C: 50 µm. MNRJ-066.

Figure 6 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 6. Microporella proxima sp. nov. (A) General view of the colony on an algal frond; (B) zooidal arrangement; (C) autozooids, avicularia and ovicell; (D) detail of autozooid showing oral spines, avicularia with setiform mandible and ascopore. Scale bars: A: 400 µm; B: 300 µm; C,D: 100 µm. A–D: MNRJ-180

Figure 4 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 4. Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1878). (A) General view of the colony; (B) part of the colony; (C) autozooidal arrangement; (D) detail of the sinus; (E) avicularia; (F) drawing of the ancestrula and the first zooids (Courtesy of Hayward and Ryland 1979). Scale bars: A: 2 cm; B: 600 µm; C: 400 µm; D–F: 100 µm. A–E: MNRJ-010.

Figure 3 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 3. Watersipora subovoidea (d'Orbigny, 1852). (A) General view of the colony; (B) autozooidal arrangement; (C) detail of autozooids (frontal view) with large pseudopores, slightly developed peristome and orifice with condyles and wide sinus. Scale bars: B: 400 µm; C: 100 µm. MNRJ-012; (D) Detail of operculum.

Figure 5 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 5. Arthropoma cecilii (Audouin, 1826). (A) Part of the colony; (B) detail of the zooids; (C) detail of an elongate autozooid; (D) fertile zooids. Scale bars: A: 600 µm; B–D: 200 µm. MNRJ-069.

Figure 2 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 2. Parasmittina alba sp. nov. (A) Group of zooids without frontal budding; (B) old part of colony; (C) zooids arrangement and different types of avicularia; (D) autozooids with orifices and lyrulae; (E) detail of two autozooids showing small triangular avicularia and distal spines; (F) autozooids showing small avicularia with rounded distal tips; (G) giant avicularium with elongate spatulate rostrum and small avicularia with round and smooth rostrum; (H) ovicellate autozooid. Scale bars: A, C, E–H: 100 µm; B: 400 µm; D: 200 µm; A: MNRJ-077 and others: MNRJ-079.

Figure 1 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 1. Map of the study area. 1. Macaé; 2. Arraial do Cabo; 3. Guanabara Bay; 4. Sepetiba Harbour; 5. REVIZEE Station 2 (23◦47.629′ S, 041◦ 42.514′ W); 6. REVIZEE Station 9 (24◦16.353′ S, 043◦23.788′ W).

Figure 2 in Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and Schizoporella errata (Waters)

Figure 2. (A, B) Lectotype of Schizoporella unicornis (NHM 1847.16.174) unbleached portion. (A) Group of ovicellate autozooids. (B) Primary orifice with operculum and paired adventitious avicularia. (C–F) Lectotype of Schizoporella unicornis [NHM 1847.16.174 (a)] bleached portion. (C) Autozooids with detail of ovicell structure. (D) Detail of primary orifice and adventitious avicularium. Note the wide U-shaped sinus and prominent condyles. (E) View of primary orifice from the interior of the autozooid, showing condyles formed from frontal shield calcification. (F) Autozooid with additional adventitious avicularium. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, C, F); 100 µm (B); 50 µm (D, E).

Figure 4 in Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and Schizoporella errata (Waters)

Figure 4. (A, B) Topotype of Schizoporella errata (NHM 2009.1.26.1). (A) Primogenial autozooids growing in unilamellar form. Later astogeny with secondary calcification of frontal shield. (B) Frontally budded autozooid in the process of budding a daughter zooid. Later astogeny with secondary calcification of the frontal shield. (C–F) Topotype (NHM 2009.1.26.2). (C) Frontally budded zooid in early astogeny with a polygonal shaped border around each pseudopore. (D) Detail of the primary orifice with its small condyles and the distolaterally directed adventitious avicularium. (E) Ovicells in various stages of development, with a completely porous surface. (F) A group of autozooids undergoing frontal budding. The frontal shield has been removed in some cases to reveal the occluded primary orifice of the basal zooid. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, B, E, F); 150 µm (C); 100 µm (D).

Figure 1 in Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and Schizoporella errata (Waters)

Figure 1. (A–D) Images of Wood's Pliocene specimen from the Coralline Crag, Suffolk (NHM B1675) described in Busk (1859). (A) Group of autozooids at growing edge of colony within small bivalve shell. (B) Autozooids exhibiting deep V-shaped sinus. (C) Frontal shield with paired avicularia and deep V-shaped sinus. (D) Detail of primary orifice and sinus. (E, F) Lectotype of Schizoporella unicornis [NHM 1847.16.174 (a)] bleached portion. (E) Group of autozooids at the distal edge of colony with adventitious avicularia, paired, single or absent. (F) Ovicellate autozooids showing radially aligned scalloped grooves. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 250 µm (B); 100 µm (C, E); 50 µm (D,F).

Figure 3 in Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and Schizoporella errata (Waters)

Figure 3. (A–F) Lectotype of Schizoporella errata (MM H1186.3113). (A) Growing edge of colony in primogenial unilamellar mode. (B) Portion of colony showing development of frontally budded zooids in intial phase of multilamellar growth. (C) Various stages of the development of the frontal shield of frontally budded autozooids. (D) Frontal shield of zooids in early astogeny with wide areolae and polygonal shaped border surrounding pseudopores. (E) Primary orifice and adventitious avicularia with operculum intact. The sinus is a wide U-shape with the proximal border of the orifice directed distally from the sinus. The avicularium bears an acutely pointed mandible with a hooked tip. (F) Primary orifice with operculum absent. Condyles small with acute tips. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C); 250 µm (D); 50 µm (E, F).

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Figure 2. Microporella arctica Norman, 1903 in Arctic species of the cheilostome bryozoan Microporella, with a redescription of the type species

Figure 2. Microporella arctica Norman, 1903, Vadsö, Norway, lectotype, NHM 11.10.1.1244, bleached apart from I. (A) Group of zooids with complete and incomplete ovicells; (B) autozooid and avicularium; (C) ovicellate zooids; (D) growing edge; (E) oblique view of growing edge showing pore chamber windows; (F) ascopore; (G) orifice with condyles present in each proximolateral corner; (H) avicularium; (I) avicularian mandible. Scale bars: 200 mm (A); 20 mm (B, G); 100 mm (C, D, E); 10 mm (F, H); 30 mm (I).

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Figure 1 in Arctic species of the cheilostome bryozoan Microporella, with a redescription of the type species

Figure 1. Microporella ciliata (Pallas, 1766), Bay of Naples, bleached. (A) Group of zooids, some ovicellate; (B) autozooid and avicularium; (C) ovicellate autozooid; (D) colony margin showing pore chamber windows; (E) ancestrula and early zooids; (F) ancestrula with closure plate; (G) tilted orifice with one oral spine base, condyles and small hinge teeth; (H) avicularium; (I) ascopore. (A, B, C, E, G, H, I), neotype, NHM 2008.02.06.1; (D, F), NHM 2008.02.06.3. Scale bars: 200 mm (A); 30 mm (B); 100 mm (C, D, E, F); 20 mm (G, H); 10 mm (I).

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Figure 3 in Arctic species of the cheilostome bryozoan Microporella, with a redescription of the type species

Figure 3. Microporella klugei sp. nov., Isfjorden, West Spitsbergen, bleached apart from J. (A) Group of zooids, some ovicellate; (B) ancestrula and surrounding zooids; (C) ovicellate zooid; (D) growing edge showing pore chamber windows; (E) autozooid; (F) avicularium; (G) orifice; (H) ascopore in early astogeny; (I) ascopore in later astogeny; (J) avicularium with mandible. (A, B, C, D, E, I), holotype, NHM 2008.02.06.12; (F), paratype, NHM 2008.02.06.13; (G, H), paratype, NHM 2008.02.06.14; (J), paratype, NHM 2008.02.06.15. Scale bars: 200 mm (A, B); 100 mm (C, D, E, J); 20 mm (F, G); 10 mm (H, I).

Figure 7 in Taxonomy of the bryozoan genera Oncousoecia, Microeciella and Eurystrotos (Cyclostomata: Oncousoeciidae)

Figure 7. Microeciella suborbicularis (Hincks, 1880). (A, B, C, D, G) Lectotype (NHM 99.5.1.1427a); (A) overgrown colony origin; (B) autozooids and three gonozooids; (C) typical gonozooid; (D) aberrant gonozooid with subterminal ooeciopore (G) autozooidal frontal wall showing pseudopores. (E, F) gold-coated specimen figured by Hayward and Ryland (1985b, Figure 32A) as Eurystrotos compacta (Norman, 1867); (E) subcircular colony; (F) gonozooid. Scale bars: 1 mm (F); 500 mm (A, B); 200 mm (C, D, E); 50 mm (G).

Figure 4 in Taxonomy of the bryozoan genera Oncousoecia, Microeciella and Eurystrotos (Cyclostomata: Oncousoeciidae)

Figure 4. Oncousoecia dilatans (Johnston, 1847). (A, C, D) Lectotype of Alecto compacta Norman, 1867 (NHM 11.10.1.63); (A) oligoserial branches close to colony origin; (C) gonozooid; (D) another gonozooid illustrating within-colony variability in shape. (B, G) Colony sharing the same substrate as the lectotype (NHM 11.10.1.63); (B) mass of branches overgrowing colony origin; (G) frontal wall of autozooids showing pseudopores and a larger boring. (E, F) Bleached topotype colony (NHM 11.10.1.64); (E) gonozooid; (F) two branches with intact and broken gonozooids. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 mm (B, F); 200 mm (C, D, E); 50 mm (G).

Figure 5 in Taxonomy of the bryozoan genera Oncousoecia, Microeciella and Eurystrotos (Cyclostomata: Oncousoeciidae)

Figure 5. Comparison of early astogeny in (A–C) Alecto compacta (Norman, 1867) [5Oncousoecia dilatans (Johnston, 1847)] (NHM 11.10.1.64) and (D–F) Microeciella suborbicularis (Hincks, 1880), two species formerly considered synonymous. (A) Ancestrula and first budded zooids; (B) ancestrula with short distal tube; (C) large protoecium with tiny pseudopores around perimeter (best seen top right); (D) fan-shaped young colony; (E) ancestrula with long distal tube; (F) protoecium with a few, non-perimetrical pseudopores and two larger, enigmatic punctures or borings (left). Scale bars: 500 mm (D); 200 mm (A); 100 mm (B, E); 50 mm (C, F).

Figure 2. Oncousoecia lobulata Canu, 1918 in Taxonomy of the bryozoan genera Oncousoecia, Microeciella and Eurystrotos (Cyclostomata: Oncousoeciidae)

Figure 2. Oncousoecia lobulata Canu, 1918, lectotype (NHM 1911.10.1.86). (A) Lobate, oligoserial branches; (B) autozooids; (C) gonozooid; (D) gonozooidal pseudopores showing partial occlusion by spines. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 200 mm (B, C); 50 mm (D).

Figure 3 in Taxonomy of the bryozoan genera Oncousoecia, Microeciella and Eurystrotos (Cyclostomata: Oncousoeciidae)

Figure 3. Oncousoecia dilatans (Johnston, 1847), lectotype (NHM 47.9.18.59). (A) Oligoserial branches close to colony origin; (B) slightly oblique view of branches showing growing tips; (C) autozooids; (D) incompletely-formed gonozooid represented by a depression (left of centre) and opening into the fertile zooid. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 mm (B); 200 mm (C, D).

Figure 1 in Taxonomy of the bryozoan genera Oncousoecia, Microeciella and Eurystrotos (Cyclostomata: Oncousoeciidae)

Figure 1. Photographs of type specimens of some Recent oncousoeciid cyclostome species. (A) Lectotype of Oncousoecia dilatans (Johnston, 1847) showing colony ramifying across the interior of a small bivalve shell (NHM 47.9.18.59). (B) Lectotype of Alecto compacta Norman, 1867, a subjective junior synonym of O. dilatans (NHM 11.10.1.63). (C) Lectotype of Oncousoecia lobulata Canu, 1918, the colony figured by Hincks (1880, Plate 50, Figure 5, 5a) as Tubulipora lobulata Hassall, 1841 which apparently formed the basis for Canu's type species of Oncousoecia (NHM 1911.10.1.86). (D) Lectotype of Microeciella suborbicularis (Hincks, 1880), a subcircular colony with associated spirorbids (NHM 99.5.1.1427a). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, D); 1 mm (B, C).