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Examining the Mediating Role of Damage Control and Cooperation on the Relationship between Self-image and Behavioral Impulsivity in Online Social Media among Adolescents
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Ecology and the evolution of cooperation by partner choice and reciprocity
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORGANIZING ACADEMIC FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO INVOLVE FOREIGN STUDENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS.
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Data set and control code for "Force and time-optimal trajectory planning for dual-arm unilateral cooperative grasping"
<p>See the attached readme file</p>
Data from: Socially informed dispersal in a territorial cooperative breeder
1. Dispersal is a key process governing the dynamics of socially and spatially structured populations, and involves three distinct stages: emigration, transience, and settlement. At each stage, individuals have to make movement decisions, which are influenced by social, environmental, and individual factors. Yet, a comprehensive understanding of the drivers that influence such decisions is still lacking, particularly for the transient stage during which free-living individuals are inherently difficult to follow. 2. Social circumstances such as the likelihood of encountering conspecifics can be expected to strongly affects decision making during dispersal, particularly in territorial species where encounters with resident conspecifics are antagonistic. Here we analyzed the movement trajectories of 47 dispersing coalitions of Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta) through a landscape occupied by constantly monitored resident groups, while simultaneously taking into account environmental and individual characteristics. 3. We used GPS locations collected on resident groups to create a geo-referenced social landscape representing the likelihood of encountering resident groups. We used a step-selection function to infer the effect of social, environmental and individual covariates on habitat selection during dispersal. Lastly, we created a temporal mismatch between the social landscape and the dispersal event of interest to identify the temporal scale at which dispersers perceive the social landscape. 4. Including information about the social landscape considerably improved our representation of the dispersal trajectory, compared to analyses that only accounted for environmental variables. The latter were only marginally selected or avoided by dispersers. Before leaving their natal territory, dispersers selected areas frequently used by their natal group. In contrast, after leaving their natal territory, they selectively used areas where they were less likely to encounter unrelated groups. This pattern was particularly marked in larger dispersing coalitions and when unrelated males were part of the dispersing coalition. 5. Our results suggest that, in socially and spatially structured species, dispersers gather and process social information during dispersal, and that reducing risk of aggression from unrelated resident groups outweighs benefits derived from conspecific attraction. Finally, our work underlines the intimate link between the social structure of a population and dispersal, which affect each other reciprocally.
Data from: Social contact patterns can buffer costs of forgetting in the evolution of cooperation
Analyses of the evolution of cooperation often rely on two simplifying assumptions: (i) individuals interact equally frequently with all social network members and (ii) they accurately remember each partner's past cooperation or defection. Here, we examine how more realistic, skewed patterns of contact---in which individuals interact primarily with only a subset of their network's members---influence cooperation. In addition, we test whether skewed contact patterns can counteract the decrease in cooperation caused by memory errors (i.e., forgetting). Finally, we compare two types of memory error that vary in whether forgotten interactions are replaced with random actions or with actions from previous encounters. We use evolutionary simulations of repeated prisoner's dilemma games that vary agents' contact patterns, forgetting rates, and types of memory error. We find that highly skewed contact patterns foster cooperation and also buffer the detrimental effects of forgetting. The type of memory error used also influences cooperation rates. Our findings reveal previously neglected but important roles of contact patterns, type of memory error, and the interaction of contact pattern and memory on cooperation. Although cognitive limitations may constrain the evolution of cooperation, social contact patterns can counteract some of these constraints.
Data from: Bottlenose dolphins can understand their partner's role in a cooperative task
In recent decades, a number of studies have examined whether various non-human animals understand their partner's role in cooperative situations. Yet the relatively tolerant timing requirements of these tasks make it theoretically possible for animals to succeed by using simple behavioural strategies rather than by jointly intended coordination. Here we investigated whether bottlenose dolphins could understand a cooperative partner's role by testing whether they could learn a button-pressing task requiring precise behavioural synchronisation. Specifically, members of cooperative dyads were required to swim across a lagoon and each press their own underwater button simultaneously (within a 1-second time window), whether sent together or with a delay between partners of 1-20 seconds. We found that dolphins were able to work together with extreme precision even when they had to wait for their partner, and that their coordination improved over the course of the study, with the time between button presses in the latter trials averaging 370 milliseconds. These findings show that bottlenose dolphins can learn to understand their partner's role in a cooperative situation, and suggest that the behavioural synchronisation evident in wild dolphins' synchronous movement and coordinated alliance displays may be a generalized cognitive ability that can also be used to solve novel cooperative tasks.
Data from: Social conflict and costs of cooperation in meerkats are reflected in measures of stress hormones
Measures of glucocorticoid stress hormones (e.g. cortisol) have often been used to characterize conflict between subordinates and dominants. In cooperative breeders where subordinates seldom breed in their natal group and assist in offspring rearing, increases in subordinate glucocorticoid levels may be caused by conflict among subordinates as well as by the energetic costs of helping behavior and fluctuations in food availability may exacerbate these effects. During a 6-year study of Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta), we investigated how social, environmental, and individual characteristics influenced subordinate plasma cortisol levels. Subordinate females, who are often the target of aggression from dominant females, had higher cortisol levels when the dominant female in their group was pregnant while the cortisol levels of subordinate males were unaffected by the reproductive state of dominant females. Subordinates of both sexes had higher cortisol levels if they belonged to groups 1) where neither of the dominant breeders in the group were their parents, 2) that contained a high proportion of subordinate females, or 3) that were either very large or very small, especially when the weather was cold and dry. Subordinates in groups containing young pups had higher cortisol levels. Finally, cortisol levels were higher in subordinates of both sexes if they were lighter for their age or had lost little body mass the night prior to sampling. Our results show that both social conflict and cooperative behavior can elevate glucocorticoid levels in subordinates and that both effects can be modified by variation in weather and food availability.
Data from: Collective strategy for obstacle navigation during cooperative transport by ants
Group cohesion and consensus have primarily been studied in the context of discrete decisions, but some group tasks require making serial decisions that build on one another. We examine such collective problem solving by studying obstacle navigation during cooperative transport in ants. In cooperative transport, ants work together to move a large object back to their nest. We blocked cooperative transport groups of Paratrechina longicornis with obstacles of varying complexity, analyzing groups' trajectories to infer what kind of strategy the ants employed. Simple strategies require little information, but more challenging, robust strategies succeed with a wider range of obstacles. We found that transport groups use a stochastic strategy that leads to efficient navigation around simple obstacles, and still succeeds at difficult obstacles. While groups navigating obstacles preferentially move directly toward the nest, they change their behavior over time; the longer the ants are obstructed, the more likely they are to move away from the nest. This increases the chance of finding a path around the obstacle. Groups rapidly changed directions and rarely stalled during navigation, indicating that these ants maintain consensus even when the nest direction is blocked. Although some decisions were aided by the arrival of new ants, at many key points, direction changes were initiated within the group, with no apparent external cause. This ant species is highly effective at navigating complex environments, and implements a flexible strategy that works for both simple and more complex obstacles.
Data from: Early and adult social environments shape sex-specific actuarial senescence patterns in a cooperative breeder
Sociality modulates life history traits through changes in resource allocation to fitness-related traits. However, how social factors at different stages of the life cycle modulate senescence remains poorly understood. To address this question, we assessed the influence of social environment in both early life and adulthood on actuarial senescence in the Alpine marmot, a cooperative breeder. The influence of helpers on actuarial senescence strongly differed depending on when help was provided, and on the sex of the dominant. Being helped when adult slowed down senescence in both sexes. However, the effect of the presence of helpers the year of birth of a dominant was sex-specific. Among dominants helped during adulthood, females born in the presence of helpers senesced slower, whereas males senesced faster. Among dominants without helpers during adulthood, females with helpers at birth senesced faster. Social environment modulates senescence, but acts differently between sexes and life stages.
Data from: Camp stability predicts patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation
Humans regularly cooperate with non-kin, which has been theorized to require reciprocity between repeatedly interacting and trusting individuals. However, the role of repeated interactions has not previously been demonstrated in explaining real-world patterns of hunter–gatherer cooperation. Here we explore cooperation among the Agta, a population of Filipino hunter–gatherers, using data from both actual resource transfers and two experimental games across multiple camps. Patterns of cooperation vary greatly between camps and depend on socio-ecological context. Stable camps (with fewer changes in membership over time) were associated with greater reciprocal sharing, indicating that an increased likelihood of future interactions facilitates reciprocity. This is the first study reporting an association between reciprocal cooperation and hunter–gatherer band stability. Under conditions of low camp stability individuals still acquire resources from others, but do so via demand sharing (taking from others), rather than based on reciprocal considerations. Hunter–gatherer cooperation may either be characterized as reciprocity or demand sharing depending on socio-ecological conditions.
Nafamostat-interferon-alpha combination suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting cooperatively host TMPRSS2 in vitro and in vivo
<p>raw data</p>
FIG. 3. — Log10 in Felidae from Cooper's Cave, South Africa (Mammalia: Carnivora)
FIG. 3. — Log10 total length of P4 plotted against anterior breadth at the protocone of the P4 for six African Dinofelis Zdansky, 1924 species. Data from Werdelin & Lewis (2001), Lacruz et al. (2006) and this study.
Dying to cooperate: the role of environmental harshness in human collaboration
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">It has been proposed that environmental stress acted as a selection pressure on the evolution of human cooperation. Through agent-based evolutionary modelling, mathematical analysis and human experimental data we illuminate the mechanisms by which the environment influences cooperative success and decision making in a Stag Hunt game. The modelling and mathematical results show that only cooperative foraging phenotypes survive the harshest of environments but pay a penalty for mis-coordination in favourable environments. When agents are allowed to coordinate their hunting intentions by communicating, cooperative phenotypes outcompete those who pursue individual strategies in almost all environmental and payoff scenarios examined. Data from human participants show flexible decision-making in face of cooperative uncertainty, favouring high-risk, high-reward strategy when environments are harsher and starvation is imminent. Converging lines of evidence from the three approaches indicate a significant role for environmental variability in human cooperative dynamics and the species-unique cognition designed to support it.</p>
Figure 10 from: Cooper J, Leonard P (2013) Three new species of foetid Gymnopus in New Zealand. MycoKeys 7: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.7.4710
Figure 10 - Gymnopus hakaroa PDD 96390. Pockets of algal cells embedded in hyphal tissue of stem base (cotton blue stain).
Figure 4 from: Cooper J, Leonard P (2013) Three new species of foetid Gymnopus in New Zealand. MycoKeys 7: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.7.4710
Figure 4 - Gymnopus imbricatus. A Holotype PDD 95489. Fruitbodies, scale 1 cm B PDD 87186. Scale 1 mm.
Figure 1 from: Cooper J, Leonard P (2013) Three new species of foetid Gymnopus in New Zealand. MycoKeys 7: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.7.4710
Figure 1 - Maximum likelihood cladogram of selected ITS sequences, with bootstrap proportion. Red bar = Gymnopus imbricatus, green bar = Gymnopus hakaroa, blue bar = Gymnopus ceraceicola
Figure 3 from: Cooper J, Leonard P (2013) Three new species of foetid Gymnopus in New Zealand. MycoKeys 7: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.7.4710
Figure 3 - Gymnopus ceraceicola Holotype, PDD 87181. A Spores (KOH) B Agglutinated fascicles of caulocystidia on stipe (KOH).
Figure 9 from: Cooper J, Leonard P (2013) Three new species of foetid Gymnopus in New Zealand. MycoKeys 7: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.7.4710
Figure 9 - Gymnopus hakaroa PDD 96390. Stipe base (arrow) with surrounding algal mat. Inset, primordial arising from algal mat.
Figure 4 from: Cooper J, Leonard P (2012) Boletopsis nothofagi sp. nov. associated with Nothofagus in the Southern Hemisphere. MycoKeys 3: 13-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.3.2762
Figure 4 - Microscopic Details. A Spores in Melzers (PDD96012) B Cap hyphae showing clamps and granules in KOH (PDD96012) C Basidia in KOH (PDD96012) D Cystidia-like elements in KOH (PDD96012)
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