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Fig. 19. Posterior legs. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 19. Posterior legs. A. Metacoxa of Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. Arrow shows the lateral spur present in both sexes of both species. Note also that the spur covers the epipleura and possibly maintains the elytra pressed against the body, thus avoiding loss of water or the entry of sediment beneath the elytra in a similar way to that hypothesized for the metanepisternal tab of the Phanaeini and other tunneller groups (Edmonds 1972; Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello 2016). B‒E. Metafemora and metatrochanters. B‒C. S. opatroides. B. ♂. C. ♀. D‒E. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). D. ♂. E. ♀. Note the strong sexual dimorphism and the many differences between the species.

Fig. 13. Venter. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. Hypomeron. B in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 13. Venter. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. Hypomeron. B. Mesoventrite and anterior region of metaventrite. C‒F. Metaventrite and abdomen. C‒D. S. opatroides. C. ♂. D. ♀. E‒F. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). E. ♂. F. ♀. Note in particular the distinction between the species and sexes in the shape of the concavity of the posterior region of the metaventrite.

Fig. 15. Protibiae. A‒D. Dorsal view. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 15. Protibiae. A‒D. Dorsal view. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). C. ♂. D. ♀. E‒H. Ventral view. E‒F. S. opatroides. E. ♂. F. ♀. G‒H. S. punctatus. G. ♂. H. ♀. Notice the many differences between the species and sexes, in particular the presence of a protibial spur in males of S. punctatus (and its absence in S. opatroides) and the different shapes of the spurs and of the lateral teeth in females of the two species.

Fig. 11 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 11. Labium of Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874 (left palpus removed). A. Ventral view (aboral surface). B. Dorsal view (oral surface). C. Lateral view. D. Removed left palpus. Note the unusual shape of the palpus, with the basal palpomere remarkably enlarged. Abbreviations: gl = glossa; glf = glossal flap; lbpl = labial palp; lshpx = lateral hypopharyngeal sclerite; mt = mentum; pmts = premental sclerite; shp = suspensorium of hypopharynx; vapmts = ventral angles of premental sclerites.

Fig. 4 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 4. Distribution of Streblopus van Lansberge, 1874. Note how the two species are widely separated by the vast South American Dry Diagonal stretching between Amazonia and the Atlantic Forest. During several different times over the Neogene, forest corridors connected the two biomes and the populations of Streblopus could move from one to the other. When the forest retreated, the distribution of the genus became relict.

Fig. 10 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 10. Maxillae of Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. Dorsal view with extended lacinia. B. Dorsal view. C. Ventral view. Abbreviations: car = cardo; darsgal = dorsal articular sclerite of galea; gal = galea; lac = lacinia; mxpl = maxillary palpus; prcar = articular process of cardo; ss1–4 = stipal sclerite 1–4; varsgal = ventral articular sclerite of galea.

Fig. 6. Head. A‒B. Clypeal process. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 6. Head. A‒B. Clypeal process. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). C. Ventral view of head, S. opatroides.

Fig. 8. Labrum. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 8. Labrum. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. Aboral surface (dorsal view). B. Oral surface (ventral view; epipharynx). C‒D. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). C. Aboral surface. D. Oral surface. Note the many differences between the two species, particularly the much denser and shorter setation of the median area in S. punctatus, the much longer median brush of S. opatroides and the dissimilarities in the shape of the anterior epypharingeal margin. The black arrow shows the anterior margin of the labrum, while the red arrow indicates the anterolateral region. Abbreviations: afr = apical fringe of labrum; ampr = antero-median process of labral suspensorium; lf = lateral files; mbr = medial brush of labrum; pmpr = postero-median process of labral suspensorium; ppm = proplegmatium; ssma = socketed setae of median area; topr = tormal process of labral suspensorium.

Fig. 9 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 9. Mandibles of Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A‒B. Ventral view. A. Left mandible. B. Right mandible. C. Lateral view of right mandible. Abbreviations: apmm = apodemes of mandibular muscles; cmb = comb of incisor lobe of mandible; conj = conjunctivus of mandible; inlb = incisor lobe of mandible; mac = mandibular acetabulum; molb = molar lobe of mandible.

Fig. 7. Antennae. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 7. Antennae. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). Note the differences between the two species concerning the colour of the apical flagellomeres and the number and shape of the articles. In S. punctatus, the suppression of arthrogenesis between ancestral articles III and IV has resulted in a reduction of the total number of antennomeres from 9 to 8.

Fig. 2 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 2. Geographical variation in Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. Individuals from a few localities in southeast Bahia (Maraú and Uruçuca) have a different ventral colouration from individuals belonging to other populations, being much darker and not showing the typical red metallic colouration seen in specimens from other localities in Bahia and Espírito Santo.

Fig. 5. Head. A‒D. Dorsal view. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 5. Head. A‒D. Dorsal view. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). C. ♂. D. ♀. Note how the emargination of the apex of the clypeus varies between the species and sexes, being greater in males of S. opatroides than in males of S. punctatus and females of both sexes. E‒F. Lateral view. E. S. opatroides. F. S. punctatus. Red arrow indicates the canthus. Observe that the canthus is much longer in S. opatroides than in S. punctatus.

Figures 60–69. Euoniticellus and Copris. 60 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 60–69. Euoniticellus and Copris. 60) E. intermedius, dorsal view, female. 61) Same, lateral view of forebody. 62) Same, dorsal view, male. 63) Same, lateral view of forebody. 64) C. arizonensis, dorsal view of forebody, large male (southwestern Arizona). 65) Same, dorsal view, small male (Big Bend). 66) Same, lateral view of forebody. 67) Same, lateral view of forebody, female. 68) Same, oblique dorsal view. 69) Same, dorsal view of head and prothoracic margin.

Figures 49–59. Onthophagus and Digitonthophagus. 49 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 49–59. Onthophagus and Digitonthophagus. 49) O. knausi, dorsal view, male. 50) Same, dorsal view, female. 51) Same oblique frontal view, female. 52) Same, prolegs (A, male; B) female). 53) Same, pronotal sculpturing. 54) D. gazella, dorsal view, male. 55) Same, partial oblique frontal view of forebody. 56) Same, proleg, male. 57) Same, oblique frontal view of female forebody. 58) Same, dorsal view, female. 59) Same, apex of protibia and protarsus (A, female; B, male [arrow marks apical tibial "digit"]).

Figures 26–35. Canthon. 26 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 26–35. Canthon. 26) C. imitator, dorsal view, male. 27) Same, ventral view of abdomen. 28) Same, ventral view of female abdomen. 29) C. blumei, dorsal view, female. 30) Same, oblique dorsal view of forebody. 31) Same, ventral view of right propleuron (arrow marks transverse carina). 32) C. imitator, ventral view of right propleuron. 33) C. mixtus, dorsal view, male. 34) C. praticola, dorsal view, female. 35) Same, oblique view.

Figures 36–48. Onthophagus. 36 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 36–48. Onthophagus. 36) O. brevifrons, dorsal view, male. 37) Same, oblique frontal view. 38) Same, dorsal view of forebody, female. 39) Same, prolegs (A, female; B, male. 40) Same, pronotal sculpturing. 41) O. browni, dorsal view, male. 42) Same, oblique frontal view. 43) Same, oblique frontal view, female. 44) O. velutinus, dorsal view, male. 45) Same, oblique frontal view. 46) Same, dorsal view of female forebody. 47) Same, oblique frontal view. 48) Same, pronotal sculpturing.

Figures 19–25. Big Bend montane habitat. 19 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 19–25. Big Bend montane habitat. 19) Seasonal creek, Quarry section, Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute (wet season). 20) same, dry season. 21) Woodland/meadow enclave in summer, Quarry section, CDRI (Jeff Davis Co.). 22) Davis Mountain woodland (Jeff Davis Co.). 23) Same. 24) Box Canyon, Miller ranch (Presidio Co.). 25) Same, interior view.

Figures 1–6. Big Bend maps and dung beetles. 1–3 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 1–6. Big Bend maps and dung beetles. 1–3) Location of study area and collection sites. 1) Extension of the Chihuahuan Desert (dark green) in north-central Mexico and southwestern United States. 2) [A] Trans-Pecos Texas showing counties and Big Bend region (shaded); [B] Tri-county Big Bend region (numbers indicate primary collection sites described in Materials and Methods; dots mark secondary sites). 3–6) Beetles in natural settings. 3) Aggregation of Canthon imitator, C. praticola and C. mixtus at cow dung. 4) Canthon imitator rolling ball of cow dung. 5) Stick nest of Neotoma micropus at base of mesquite brush, potential habitat for inquilinous Onthophagus. 6) Canthon blumei feeding directly from javelina carcass.

Figures 9–14. Big Bend grassland habitat. 9 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 9–14. Big Bend grassland habitat. 9) Marfa plateau (Chinati Mountains in background; Presidio Co.). 10) Summer rain near Valentine (Jeff Davis Co.). 11) Foothills south of Davis Mountains (Blue Mountain in background; Jeff Davis Co.). 12) Rolling tableland south of Marfa (Presidio Co.). 13) Abandoned banner tail kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis Merriam) den occupied by Neotoma micropus, Miller Ranch (Presidio/Jeff Davis Co.). 14) Pastureland south of Fort Davis (Jeff Davis Co.) shared by cattle and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana [Ord]; large male in foreground).

Figures 70–75. Phanaeus. 70 in The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Figures 70–75. Phanaeus. 70) P. texensis, dorsal view, large male. 71) Same, oblique anterolateral view. 72) Same, dorsal view, small male. 73) Same, dorsal view, female. 74) P. difformis, dorsal view, male. 75) Same, female.