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Fig. 3 in A new gobiconodontid mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and its palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Gobiconodontidae indet. Stereo SEM micrographs of the occlusal view of the upper molariform M3 or M4, MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian). The mesial side is up.

Fig. 2 in A new gobiconodontid mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and its palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity.

Fig. 1 in A new gobiconodontid mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and its palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological situation of the Vallipón site (upper Barremian, Teruel, Spain).

Fig. 6 in A new gobiconodontid mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and its palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 6. Palaeogeography of the Hauterivian (sensu Smith et al., in Martill and Naish, 2001). Abbreviations: 1, Vallipón (upper Barremian, Spain); 2, Cloverly (Aptian–Albian, USA); 3, Shestakovo (Albian, Siberia); 4, Oshih (Hauterivian, Gobi, China), Ejinhoro (Barremian, Gobi, China), Khoboor (Albian, Gobi, Mongolia), Mazongshan (Albian, Gansu, China); 5, Lujiatum Beds, Yixian Formation (Hauterivian, Liaoning, China).

Fig. 5 in A new gobiconodontid mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and its palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 5. Stratigraphical distribution of the gobiconodontid record. The age and order of the localities and formations were established basing on Ostrom (1970), Lucas and Estep (1998), Averianov and Skutchas (2000), and Zhou et al. (2003).

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Linked collectors and determiners for: TTU Mammals Collection.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "TTU Mammals Collection". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="http://bionomia.net/dataset/854f70cc-55e3-4af2-9417-0f47d6c7902d">https://bionomia.net/dataset/854f70cc-55e3-4af2-9417-0f47d6c7902d</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/854f70cc-55e3-4af2-9417-0f47d6c7902d">https://gbif.org/dataset/854f70cc-55e3-4af2-9417-0f47d6c7902d</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Fig. 14 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 14. Map (slightly modified from Vasiliev et al. 2004) of the Tethys (dark grey) and Paratethys (light grey) region in early late Miocene times, showing the main mammalian localities with and without Dorcatherium, and the tentative extent of the provinces discussed in the text. 1, North−Western Province; 2, North−Dacian Province; 3, Balkano−Iranian (= Sub−Paratethyan) Province; 4, Greek Macedonian Province; 5, Eastern Aegean Province; 6, Anatolian Province.

Fig. 11 in Skull structure in Catopsbaatar and the zygomatic ridges in multituberculate mammals

Fig. 11. Comparison of three djadochtatheriid skulls in lateral view, rendered to approximately the same length. The muscle scars surrounded by the anterior and intermediate zygomatic ridges are shaded. The details of the structure of the orbit have been omitted. A. Kryptobaatar dashzevegi Kielan−Jaworowska, 1969, based on photographs and reconstruction of the specimens from Ukhaa Tolgod, figured by Wible and Rougier (2000), and skulls from Bayan Zag housed in ZPAL. The vascular nasal foramina as preserved in the holotype ZPAL MgM−I/21. B. Djadochtatherium matthewi Simpson, 1925, tentative reconstruction based on: the holotype AMNH 20440 (rostral part of the skull and both dentaries from Bayan Zag); HMNS 94−10−278 (fairly complete skull with incomplete dentaries from Tögrög, examined on the photographs); GI 5/301 (partial dentary from Ukhaa Tolgod); and the photograph of the complete skull with both dentaries from Ukhaa Tolgod, figured by Webster (1996, the number not available). C. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides (Kielan−Jaworowska, 1994), reconstruction of the skull in lateral view, based on all known specimens. Orbital wings of the lacrimal, not preserved in Djadochtatherium (B) and Catopsbaatar (C) have been reconstructed on the basis of comparisons with Kryptobaatar (A).

Fig. 7 in Skull structure in Catopsbaatar and the zygomatic ridges in multituberculate mammals

Fig. 7. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides, reconstruction of the skull, based on all available specimens, in lateral view. The reconstruction is of an adult individual, but the upper premolars P1 and P3, which disappear during ontogeny, are reconstructed. The bones of the orbit, not preserved in ZPAL and PM specimens and very fragmentarily preserved only in PIN 4537/4 and /5, have not been reconstructed. The dorsal part of the maxilla/squamosal suture is tentatively reconstructed on the basis of PIN 4537/5 (Fig. 3C, D) and a comparison with Djadochtatherium (Fig. 11B). The arrow points to the posterior zygomatic "ridge" (muscle scar), preserved on the squamosal above the glenoid fossa and discernible in occipital view. The teeth not marked on the dentary are p4 and m1, on maxilla P4 and M1.

Fig. 4. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides, PIN 4537 in Skull structure in Catopsbaatar and the zygomatic ridges in multituberculate mammals

Fig. 4. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides, PIN 4537/4, Hermiin Tsav, Gobi Desert, Mongolia,?upper Campanian, stereo−photographs of an incomplete, severely damaged skull of a juvenile individual in anterior (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), right lateral (D), and ventral (E) views.Anterior upper premolars preserved on both sides of this specimen are recognized as deciduous, as they are single−rooted, rather than double−rooted as in specimens of more mature individuals. The tripartite infraorbital foramen is seen on the right side in A and the premaxillary ridge on the right side in E; single−rooted DP1 and DP3 (replaced in ontogeny by double−rooted P1, and P3, which disappear in adult individuals), are preserved in this specimen (E).

Fig. 13 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 13. Plot of length vs. distal width of the metacarpal of some large late Miocene Giraffidae. Black symbols are for "Palaeogiraffa", others are for Samotherium.

Fig. 10 in Skull structure in Catopsbaatar and the zygomatic ridges in multituberculate mammals

Fig. 10. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides, Gobi Desert, Mongolia,?upper Campanian. A. ZPAL MgM−I/78, holotype (juvenile individual) from Hermiin Tsav I. SEM micrographs of the dentition. Fragment of the right dentary in lateral view, showing p3 (peg−like adhering the wall of the dentary), p4 and m1 (A1). Stereo−micrographs of p4, m1, and m2 of the same in dorsal view (A2). Fragment of the left dentary of the same specimen, showing p4 and m1, the p3 is broken, only its lower part has been preserved (A3). Stereo−photograph of the complete right side of the upper dentition, showing P1, P3, P4, M1, and erupting M2 (A5); P1 and P3 are double−rooted. B. ZPAL MgM−I/159, Khulsan, Nemegt Valley, right m2 in occlusal view.

Fig. 5 in Skull structure in Catopsbaatar and the zygomatic ridges in multituberculate mammals

Fig. 5. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides, ZPAL MgM−I/80, Hermiin Tsav II, Gobi Desert, Mongolia,?upper Campanian, severely damaged skull of a juvenile individual; stereo−photograph in ventral view (A), dorsal view of the same (B). The palatine bone, damaged in other specimens, has been preserved, showing major palatine foramina and palatonasal notches. The roots (in A) designated P1 and P3 might either belong to deciduous premolars, or might represent the posterior root of P1 and anterior root of P3 respectively. The latter interpretation appears more probable as the skull MgM−I/78 figured here is slightly bigger (see Table 1) than that of the holotype MgM−I/78, in which there are double−rooted P1 and P3.

Fig. 9 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 9. Measurements of the cross−section of the lower i2s in various Proboscideans. From Tassy (1986: fig. 14) and y = Yulafll.

Fig. 8 in Skull structure in Catopsbaatar and the zygomatic ridges in multituberculate mammals

Fig. 8. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides, reconstruction of the skull, based on all available specimens, in ventral view. The reconstruction is of an adult individual, but the upper premolars P1 and P3, which disappear during ontogeny, have been reconstructed. The teeth in maxilla are P1, P3, P4, M1, and M2. The choanal region and the middle part of the basicranial region (diagrammatical), including recognition of most of the foramina not preserved or poorly preserved in Catopsbaatar (see text for details), have been reconstructed on the basis of other djadochtatherioid genera, especially Kamptobaatar (Kielan−Jaworowska 1971), Nemegtbaatar (Kielan−Jaworowska et al. 1976), and Kryptobaatar (Wible and Rougier 2000).

Fig. 2 in Skull structure in Catopsbaatar and the zygomatic ridges in multituberculate mammals

Fig. 2. Catopsbaatar catopsaloides, PM 120/107, Hermiin Tsav I, Gobi Desert, Mongolia,?upper Campanian, stereo−photographs of the skull of an adult individual, with missing choanal and damaged basicranial regions, in dorsal (A), right lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. In A on the left side of the specimen a depression is seen medially, at the posterior part of zygomatic arch. In comparison with Ptilodus, Nemegtbaatar, and Kryptobaatar, it is situated too far posteriorly to house the jugal bone (not preserved). The premaxillary ridge is seen in C; the P1 and P3, present in juvenile individuals (best seen in Figs. 4E and 10A) have been resorbed. In B the suture between the maxilla and squamosal is discernible along the posterior margin of the anterior zygomatic ridge.

Fig. 2 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Indarctos arctoides, TTMEU−CY−46, Yulafli, Turkey, Vallesian, late Miocene. Left mandibular ramus, lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views of p2–m2 (stereo).

Fig. 7. A. Simocyon batalleri, MSB 24933 in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 7. A. Simocyon batalleri, MSB 24933, Sabadell, Barcelona province, Spain, right maxilla with P4–M2 in occlusal view. B. Simocyon primigenius, MNHN−PIK 3017, Pikermi, Greece, fragmentary left mandible with p4–m1 in lingual (B1), lateral (B2), and dorsal (B3) views.

Fig. 2. Simocyon batalleri, MNCN B−3458 in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 2. Simocyon batalleri, MNCN B−3458, Batallones−1, Madrid Province, Spain, cranium in dorsal view. A. Photo. B. Schematic drawing showing the main anatomical features of this view (artwork by M. Antón).

Fig. 14 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 14. Diagrams to illustrate postulated evolution of occlusion. A–E. Divergence between Allotheria and Mammaliaformes. The teeth are seen mesiodistally, buccal to the left. Arrows indicate direction of the power stroke. A. Plesiomorphic condition, e.g., Sinoconodon, with no occlusal contact. B, C. Opposition develops by formation of supplementary cusprows in Allotheria; B is a hypothetical transitional stage. D. Unilateral transverse shearing in morganucodonts. E. Rearrangement (triangulation) of cusps, as in symmetrodonts, resulting in mesially and distally facing wear facets. F–I. Allotherians illustrating stages in the evolution of palinal occlusion. Teeth seen in side view, distal to the left. F. Vertical crushing in Theroteinus. G. Distally oblique crushing in Millsodon. H. Basin grinding with palinal movement in Thomasia. I. Horizontal palinal grinding in multituberculates.