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803 results for “population (urban)”
Contemporary adaptive divergence of plant competitive traits in urban and rural populations and its implication for weed management
<p>1. Competition among neighboring plants plays essential roles in growth, reproduction, population dynamics, and community assembly, but how competition drives local adaptation and the traits underlying the adaptation remain unclear. Here, we focused on populations of the aggressive weed <i>Digitaria ciliaris</i> from urban and rural habitats as low- and high-competition environments for light resources and examined how competitive interaction drove contemporary adaptive divergence of competitive traits.</p> <p>2. To examine local adaptation to different competitive environments in <i>D. </i><i>ciliaris</i> and the specific traits that have been selected for, we compared growth rate and competitive traits in plants from farmland and urban populations between high- and low-competition treatments. Furthermore, we conducted a field tillage experiment with drone (UAV) monitoring to examine the possibility that trait evolution in farmland habitats might influence weed management practices in crop fields.</p> <p>3. Plants from farmland populations had higher growth rates than plants from urban populations in high-competition treatments, and vice versa in low-competition treatments. Among populations, those with larger height/width ratios (farmland populations) were more tolerant of aboveground competition in high-competition treatments, but among individuals, those with larger ratios had lower growth rates in low-competition treatments. More plants from farmland populations, which had thicker stems (and larger height/width ratios), survived after experimental tillage than plants from urban habitats with thinner stems.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study empirically demonstrated adaptive divergence in competitive traits in aboveground competitors and its underlying traits. Moreover, contemporary adaptive divergence between urban and rural plant populations has practical implications for weed control. The urban–rural model system can thus contribute to both basic and applied research in plant evolutionary ecology. Further research is required to understand adaptive divergence in plants between urban and rural environments, and the traits underlying the adaptation, not only aboveground, but also belowground.</p>
Figure 2 in Population structure of a native and an alien species of snail in an urban area of the Atlantic Rainforest
Figure 2. Detectability probability (A), abundance (B) and recruitment (C) estimated for Megalobulimus paranaguensis during the study. The error bars show 90% confidence intervals.
Figure 1 in Population structure of a native and an alien species of snail in an urban area of the Atlantic Rainforest
Figure 1. Study site location in Brazil (A; shown in rectangle) and in detail (B; shown in the rectangle), and study areas inside the study site (C; image from Google Earth).
Data from: Genetic diversity and population structure in contemporary house sparrow populations along an urbanization gradient.
House sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations have suffered major declines in urban as well as rural areas, while remaining relatively stable in suburban ones. Yet, to date no exhaustive attempt has been made to examine how, and to what extent, spatial variation in population demography is reflected in genetic population structuring along contemporary urbanization gradients. Here we use putatively neutral microsatellite loci to study if and how genetic variation can be partitioned in a hierarchical way among different urbanization classes. Principal coordinate analyses did not support the hypothesis that urban/suburban and rural populations comprise two distinct genetic clusters. Comparison of FST values at different hierarchical scales revealed drift as an important force of population differentiation. Redundancy analyses revealed that genetic structure was strongly affected by both spatial variation and level of urbanization. The results shown here can be used as baseline information for future genetic monitoring programmes and provide additional insights into contemporary house sparrow dynamics along urbanization gradients.
Data from:Microgeographic differentiation in thermal performance curves between rural and urban populations of an aquatic insect
The rapidly increasing rate of urbanization has a major impact on the ecology and evolution of species. While increased temperatures are a key aspect of urbanization ("urban heat islands"), we have very limited knowledge whether this generates differentiation in thermal responses between rural and urban populations. In a common garden experiment, we compared the thermal performance curves (TPCs) for growth rate and mortality in larvae of the damselfly Coenagrion puella from three urban and three rural populations. TPCs for growth rate shifted vertically, consistent with the faster-slower theoretical model whereby the cold-adapted rural larvae grew faster than the warm-adapted urban larvae across temperatures. In line with costs of rapid growth, rural larvae showed lower survival than urban larvae across temperatures. The relatively lower temperatures, hence expected shorter growing seasons in rural populations compared to the populations in the urban heat islands likely impose stronger time constraints to reach a certain developmental stage before winter, thereby selecting for faster growth rates. In addition, higher predation rates at higher temperature may have contributed to the growth rate differences between urban and rural ponds. A faster-slower differentiation in TPCs may be a widespread pattern along the urbanization gradient. The observed microgeographic differentiation in TPCs supports the view that urbanization may drive life history evolution. Moreover, because of the urban heat island effect, urban environments have the potential to aid in developing predictions on the impact of climate change on rural populations.
Persistence of butterfly populations along urban density gradients: motility makes the difference
<p>Simulated genetic data</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Mühlenhaupt M, Baxter-Gilbert J, Makhubo BG, Riley JL, Measey J (2021) Growing up in a new world: trait divergence between rural, urban, and invasive populations of an amphibian urban invader. NeoBiota 69: 103-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.67995
Supporting information
Supplementary material 6 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 6
Supplementary material 5 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 5
Supplementary material 9 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 9
Supplementary material 2 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 2
Supplementary material 4 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 4
Supplementary material 8 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 8
Supplementary material 1 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 1
Supplementary material 3 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 3
Supplementary material 7 from: Stanley CH, Hecht R, Cakir S, Brzoska P (2022) Approach to user group-specific assessment of urban green spaces for a more equitable supply exemplified by the elderly population. One Ecosystem 7: e83325. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.7.e83325
Supplementary material 7
Figures 5-6 from: Gentile R, Cardoso TS, Costa-Neto SF, Teixeira BR, D'Andrea PS (2018) Community structure and population dynamics of small mammals in an urban-sylvatic interface area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e13465
Figures 5-6 Small mammal community structure in CFMA and Pau da Fome, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the (5) 2001 and (6) 2012–2015 samplings. (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L) CFMA transects, (C1, D1, E1, F1, G1) Pau da Fome transects.
Figures 2-4 from: Gentile R, Cardoso TS, Costa-Neto SF, Teixeira BR, D'Andrea PS (2018) Community structure and population dynamics of small mammals in an urban-sylvatic interface area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e13465
Figures 2-4 Plots of the Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling Analysis between the two periods and areas studied (● CFMA and Pau da Fome) for the small mammal species: (2) comparison between 2001 and 2012-2015 samplings including all transects pulled; (3) comparison among transects in 2001 (transects from A to D in disturbed forests and from E to H in peridomicile areas of CFMA; transects from C1 to G1 in disturbed forest of Pau da Fome); (4) comparison among transects for the 2012-2015 period (transects A, B, K, L in disturbed forest areas of CFMA; E1 in disturbed forest areas of Pau da Fome; C, D in peridomicile areas of CFMA; C1 and D1 in peridomicile areas of Pau da Fome; E and F in preserved forest areas of CFMA).
Figure 7 from: Gentile R, Cardoso TS, Costa-Neto SF, Teixeira BR, D'Andrea PS (2018) Community structure and population dynamics of small mammals in an urban-sylvatic interface area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e13465
Figure 7 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and relationship among species, transects (A, B, C, D, E, F) and habitat variables (CANO – percentage of canopy cover; TREE – number of trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 5; VCS – percentage of vegetation cover on the soil; VVO – vertical vegetation obstruction) for the 2012–2015 period in CFMA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Figure 9 from: Gentile R, Cardoso TS, Costa-Neto SF, Teixeira BR, D'Andrea PS (2018) Community structure and population dynamics of small mammals in an urban-sylvatic interface area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e13465
Figure 9 Age structure of the marsupial Didelphis aurita for the 2012–2015 period in CFMA and Pau da Fome, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.