Find research datasets worth reusing

FIGURES 42–45 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 42–45. SEM micrographs of inner surface of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 42. Longitudinal section of cocoon, front removed, showing long shiny inner surface of wall and modified apical tip showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers. 43. Close-up of surface of multiple layers identified by rectangle in figure 42. 44. Posterior end of another cocoon, inner view, showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers, somewhat off center. 45. Close-up of cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers identified by rectangle in figure 44.

FIGURE 1 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURE 1. Road leading from Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona, where nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis were first discovered in the decapitated stalks of Agave palmeri. FIGURES 2–6. Study area 8 mi north of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona. 2. Landscape; note presence of Agave palmeri and Opuntia. 3. Female Lithurgopsis apicalis in flower of food plant Opuntia. 4. Base of Agave plant with rosette of basal leaves, which once dry fortifies bee nests from predations by vertebrates. 5. H.G.H. removing leaves from another Agave. 6. Crack (arrow) in Agave stalk that allows females of Lithurgopsis apicalis access for nesting.

FIGURES 39–41 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 39–41. Microphotographs of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 39. Sample of cocoons most of which had been opened to remove larvae, showing variation in color, texture, and external shape. 40. Longitudinal section of front of one side of front end of cocoon, showing outer layer of dark silk between which thin line of white fine-grained layer of discharge is sandwiched by inner thick layer of dark silk. 41. Longitudinal section of posterior end of cocoon showing multiple layers of silk fibers.

FIGURES 19–23 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 19–23. Microphotographs of nest components of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 19. Assorted discs showing variation primarily in views of posterior surfaces from numerous cells. 20. Young larva, probably first instar, facing posterior surface of disc, but not yet feeding. 21. Two preserved eggs, side view. 22. Newly emerged fifth instar compared with fully grown fifth instar. 23. Plastic rearing dish containing five live larvae, which permitted us to observe feeding and cocoon-spinning activities throughout the study period.

FIGURES 12–14 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 12–14. Single cell provisions of Lithurgopsis apicalis from various nests. FIGURE 15.Two cells in linear series. FIGURES 16–18. Eggs of Lithurgopsis apicalis attached to disc, and same egg with attachment to disc now broken, and another egg and disc, respectively.

FIGURES 7, 8 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 7, 8. Nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 7. Cross section of Agave stalk where multiple nests were first found, showing pollen-filled cells (arrows), open tunnels, and tunnels filled with wood chips (gray). 8. Closeup of burrow wall through fine-grained plant tissue showing characteristic transverse patterning created by the female's mandibles during excavation.

FIGURES 9–11 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 9–11. Diagrams of nest found near Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona. 9. Entire nest, side view containing two burrows, with close-up of section containing three cells, one of which had not been closed. 10. Single cell containing two eggs, each associated with small open space ("egg chamber") and with disc of firmer provisions. 11. Close-up of disc and egg.

FIGURES 46, 47 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 46, 47. SEM macrographs of thin film of cocoon fabric spun on June 44, 2013, as identified in photomicrograph, figure 36, 46. showing small apertures that presumably would have been closed with more applications of silk, and 47. edge of same, showing texture of silk that is extruded, respectively. These macrographs plus observations made at the time strongly suggest that the inner surface of cocoons is composed solely of silk; see text for further explanation.

FIGURES 27–31 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 27–31. Microphotographs of cleared larvae of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 27. Entire first instar, lateral view, with cast chorion and pollen grains adhering to posterior end. 28. Head of same, frontal view. 29. Head capsule of third/fourth instar, frontal view, showing pollen grain being ingested. 30. Same but more dorsal view showing pollen grains being ingested sequentially into esophagus. 31. Lower part of head of early fifth instar; note pollen grain being ingested behind mandibular apices.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Text-fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship of Peignecyon felinoides n. gen. et n. sp., within some selected Amphicyonidae, and some extinct caniform carnivorans. Paramiacis exilis is the outgroup. Searches were performed by means of the Branch and Bound and a Bootstrap analysis through 1,000 replicates. One tree is obtained (length 73 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.6301, retention index (RI) = 0.7000). The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are Bootstrap support percentages (only shown ≥ 50). in A New Thaumastocyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora) From The Early Miocene Of Tuchořice, The Czech Republic

Text-fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship of Peignecyon felinoides n. gen. et n. sp., within some selected Amphicyonidae, and some extinct caniform carnivorans. Paramiacis exilis is the outgroup. Searches were performed by means of the Branch and Bound and a Bootstrap analysis through 1,000 replicates. One tree is obtained (length 73 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.6301, retention index (RI) = 0.7000). The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are Bootstrap support percentages (only shown ≥ 50).

FIG. 16 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 16. — Bivariate plot of upper and lower third molars of suids from Montpellier (white M) and other Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene localities in Europe. The sloping black line separates the upper molars from the lower ones. There are four size groups of suids at Montpellier corresponding in dimensions to Dasychoerus arvernensis for the smallest group, Dasychoerus sp. from Kvabebi for an intermediate sized group, "Sus" provincialis for a slightly larger medium sized group, and Dasychoerus strozzii for the largest one. Abbreviations: A, Val d'Arno; B, Brisighella; C, Corton; D, Dermenji; E, East Runton; F, Villafranca d'Asti; G, Kvabebi; H, Hajnacka; I, Vozarci; K, Khapry; L, Nikolskoe; M, Montpellier; N, Maramena; O, Olivola; P, Perpignan; Q, Bra; R, Red Crag (large specimens possibly belonging to Hippopotamodon major); S, Varghis; T, Çalta; U, Piedrabuena; V, Venta del Moro; W, GÖdÖllÖ; X, Kalnitsa; Y, Alcoy; Z, Musaitu; §, Auvergne; +, Red Crag (small specimens); =, Trévoux; ⁕ – lectotype of Dasychoerus arvernensis, �, lectotype of "Sus" provincialis). Measurements are from Berdondini (1992), Depéret (1885), Gallai & Rook (2011), Geraads et al. (2008), Guérin (pers. comm.), Hellmund (1995), Hünermann (1971), Lydekker (1885), Mazo & Torres (1990), Morales (1984), Mottl (1939), Samson et al. (1971), Titov (2000), Vekua (1972). Measurements of the teeth of Dasychoerus strozzii were kindly supplied by J. Van der Made.

FIG. 15 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 15. — Lower molars of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 (A, B) and Dasychoerus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828) (C) from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 070, right m/2-m/3 in lingual (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and buccal (A3) views; B, FSL 40 155, left m/3 in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views; C, FSL 40 154, right m/3 in lingual (C1), stereo occlusal (C2) and buccal (C3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 14 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 14. — Mandibles of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 (A, B) and Dasychoerus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828) (C) from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 072, left mandible fragment containing m/2-m/3 in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, FSL 40 061, left mandible fragment containing m/1-m/3 in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views; C, FSL 40 151, right mandible fragment containing m/1-m/3 in lingual (C1), stereo oclusal (C2) and buccal (C3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 12 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 12. — Mandibles of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 881, left mandible containing p/4-m/3 in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, FSL 40 884, left mandible containing p/2-m/3 in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 13 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 13. — Mandibles of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 171, right mandible containing p/3-m/2 in lingual (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and buccal (A3) views; B, FSL 40 072, right mandible containing p/1-p/4, m/1-m/3 in lingual (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and buccal (B3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 11 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 11. — Isolated teeth of Dasychoerus sp. from Kvabebi (A) and "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 (B-F) from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, FSL 40 152, right M3/ in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, FSL 40 882, female upper canine, buccal view; C, FSL 40 156, right M1/, occlusal view; D, FSL 40 160, right i/2, mesial view; E, FSL 40 159, left I1/, mesial view; F, FSL WO 417, right I1/, labial view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 9 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 9. — Suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier: A, B, "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847; A, MNHN.F.MON17, right p/4 in buccal (A1), stereo occlusal (A2) and lingual (A3) views; B, MNHN.F.MON15, left mandible containing m/2-m/3, in buccal (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and lingual (B3) views; C, Dasychoerus strozzii (Meneghini, 1862), MNHN.F.MON14, left M3/ in lingual (C1), stereo occlusal (C2) and buccal (C3) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 10 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 10. — "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins of Montpellier housed at the University of Montpellier II: A, SM 394, left D4 in mesial (A1), buccal (A2), stereo occlusal (A3), lingual (A4) and distal (A5) views; B, SM 461, right M2/ in lingual (B1), stereo occlusal (B2) and buccal (B3) views; C, lectotype SM 460, right M3/ in stereo occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views; D, SM 392, right mandible with p/3-m/2 in lingual (D1), stereo occlusal (D2) and buccal (D3) views; E, SM 393, right m/3 in buccal (E1), stereo occlusal (E2) and lingual (E3) views; F, SM 395, left mandible with p/2-p/4 in buccal (F1), stereo occlusal (F2) and buccal (F3) views; G, SM 462, left m/2 in buccal (G1) and stereo occlusal (G2) views. Scale bars: 10 mm, A is double the dimensions of the others).

FIG. 8 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 8. — Left mandible of "Sus" provincialis Blainville, 1847 from the Sables marins de Montpellier, MNHN.F.MON16: A, buccal view; B, stereo occlusal view; C, lingual view; D, enlarged stereo occlusal view of the cheek teeth; E, oblique anterior view to show verrucosic section of canine alveolus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 7. — FSL 40 073 in Re-assessment of the suids from the Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Blainville, 1847

FIG. 7. — FSL 40 073, snout of Dasychoerus strozzii (Meneghini, 1862) from the Sables marins de Montpellier:A, anterior view; B, stereo occlusal view; C, dorsal view; D, right lateral view; E, left lateral view. Scale bar: 10 mm.