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FIGURES 19–26 in Review of the Cyana rejecta (Walker, 1854) species-group, with descriptions of three new species from mainland Africa and a new subspecies from Madagascar (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)
FIGURES 19–26. Cyana spp.: adults. Depositories of specimens: 19–24 in ANHRT; 25 in ZSM; 26 in NHMUK (©).
FIGURES 36–38 in Review of the Cyana rejecta (Walker, 1854) species-group, with descriptions of three new species from mainland Africa and a new subspecies from Madagascar (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)
FIGURES 36–38. Cyana cornutissima sp. n.: male genitalia. Depositories of specimens: 36 and 37 in ANHRT; 38 in NHMUK (©).
FIGURE 8 in Description of a new subspecies of Dodona dipoea Hewitson, [1866] (Lycaenidae Riodininae) from S.W. Chongqing, China
FIGURE 8. Male genitalia of Dodona dipoea pseudokaterina. A. genital capsule, right lateral view. B. tegumen and uncus, dorsal view. C. gnathos and uncus, ventral view. D. genital capsule, ventral view. E. transtilla and valvae, dorsal view. F. transtilla and valvae, dorsal view, aedeagus removed. G. aedeagus, left lateral view.
FIGURE 9 in Description of a new subspecies of Dodona dipoea Hewitson, [1866] (Lycaenidae Riodininae) from S.W. Chongqing, China
FIGURE 9. Female genitalia of Dodona dipoea pseudokaterina in ventral view. A. distal signum. A'. distal signum, enlarged. B. lateral signum. B'. lateral signum, enlarged.
FIGURES 10–13 in Description of a new subspecies of Dodona dipoea Hewitson, [1866] (Lycaenidae Riodininae) from S.W. Chongqing, China
FIGURES 10–13. Adults of Dodona dipoea dipoea. 10–12. male. 13. female. A. dorsal side. B. ventral side. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Data from: Physical and ecological isolation contribute to maintain genetic differentiation between fire salamander subspecies
<p>Landscape features shape patterns of gene flow among populations, ultimately determining where taxa lay along the continuum between panmixia to complete reproductive isolation. Gene flow can be restricted leading to population differentiation in two non-exclusive ways: "physical isolation", in which geographic distance in combination with the landscape features restricts movement of individuals promoting genetic drift, and "ecological isolation", in which adaptive mechanisms constrain gene flow between different environments via divergent natural selection. In central Iberia, two fire salamander subspecies occur in parapatry across elevation gradients along the Iberian Central System mountains, while in adjacent Mountains of Toledo Region only one of them occurs. By integrating population and landscape genetic analyses, we show a ubiquitous role of physical isolation between and within mountain ranges, with unsuitable landscapes increasing differentiation between populations. However, across the Iberian Central System, we found strong support for a significant contribution of ecological isolation, with low genetic differentiation in environmentally homogeneous areas, but high differentiation across sharp transitions in precipitation seasonality. These patterns are consistent with a significant contribution of ecological isolation in restricting gene flow among subspecies. Overall, our results suggest that ecological divergence contributes to reduce genetic admixture, creating an opportunity for lineages to follow distinct evolutionary trajectories.</p>
FIGURES 26–28 in On a New Insular Subspecies of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Discovered from Hainan
FIGURES 26–28. Female genitalia of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura). 26, C. m. paolongkoui Hsu & Lo, ssp. nov., 27, C. m. mushaellus, 28, C. m. nishimurai (Yunnan).
FIGURES 13–16 in On a New Insular Subspecies of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Discovered from Hainan
FIGURES 13–16. Immatures of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus paolongkoui Hsu & Lo, ssp. nov., 13, egg on near base of dormant buds of Lithocarpus litseifolius, 14, final (4th) instar larva (green form), 15, final (4th) instar larva (brown form), 16, pupa (lateral view).
FIGURES 17–25 in On a New Insular Subspecies of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Discovered from Hainan
FIGURES 17–25. Male genitalia of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura). 17, tegumen of C. m. paolongkoui Hsu & Lo, ssp. nov., 18, teguman of C. m. mushaellus, 19, tegumen of C. m. rileyi (Guangdong), 20, left valvae of C. m. paolongkoui Hsu & Lo, ssp. nov., 21, left valvae of C. m. mushaellus, 22, leftvalvae of C. m. rileyi (Guangdong), 23, phallus of C. m. paolongkoui Hsu & Lo, ssp. nov., 24, phallus of C. m. mushaellus, 25, phallus of C. m. rileyi (Guangdong).
FIGURES 7–12 in On a New Insular Subspecies of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Discovered from Hainan
FIGURES 7–12. Female adults of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura). 7, upperside of C. m. paolongkoui Hsu & Lo, ssp. nov., paratype, 8, underside of paratype, 9, upperside of C. m. mushaellus (Taiwan), 10, underside of C. m. mushaellus (Taiwan), 11, upperside of C. m. rileyi (Guangdong), 12, underside of C. m. rileyi (Guangdong). Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURES 1–6 in On a New Insular Subspecies of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Discovered from Hainan
FIGURES 1–6. Male adults of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura). 1, upperside of C. m. paolongkoui Hsu & Lo, ssp. nov., holotype, 2, underside of holotype, 3, upperside of C. m. mushaellus (Taiwan), 4, underside of C. m. mushaellus (Taiwan), 5, upperside of C. m. rileyi (Guangdong), 6, underside of C. m. rileyi (Guangdong). Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 29 in On a New Insular Subspecies of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Discovered from Hainan
FIGURE 29. Known distribution of Chrysozephyrus mushaellus (Matsumura), with no subspecies specified (red dots). Data sources: Uchida (1999), Koiwaya (2007) and NTNU specimens.
FIGURE 2 in A new subspecies of Calisto disjunctus Núñez & Barro (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae) from Western Cuba, with a key to the Cuban members of the genus
FIGURE 2. Photographs of live adults of Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n. A: Jardines de Hershey, 14/VIII/2018, nectaring on Bidens pilosus L. B: Lomas de Galindo, 4/X/2019. C: Same location, 30/XII/2019. D: Same location, 29/II/2020. Photos by Yosiel Álvarez.
FIGURE 3 in A new subspecies of Calisto disjunctus Núñez & Barro (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae) from Western Cuba, with a key to the Cuban members of the genus
FIGURE 3. Genitalia of Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n. A: Male genitalia. B: Aedeagus. C: Female genitalia.
FIGURE 7 in A new subspecies of Calisto disjunctus Núñez & Barro (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae) from Western Cuba, with a key to the Cuban members of the genus
FIGURE 7. Live adults of Cuban species of Calisto. A: C. herophile. B: C. torrei. C: C. bradleyi. D: C. disjunctus hersheyi. E: C. gundlachi. F: C. bruneri. G: C. sharkeyae. H: C. smintheus. I: C. israeli. J: C. lastrai. K: C. muripetens. L: C. occulta. M: C. brochei. N: C. dissimulatum. O: C. a. aquilum. P: C. aquilum occidentalis (worn individual). Photos by: Andy J. Corso (A), Rayner Núñez (B-C, F-I, K-P), Yosiel Álvarez (D-E) and Douglas M. Fernández (J).
FIGURE 1 in A new subspecies of Calisto disjunctus Núñez & Barro (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae) from Western Cuba, with a key to the Cuban members of the genus
FIGURE 1. Type specimens of Calisto disjunctus. A: ♁ Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n holotype, dorsal view. B: ♁ Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n holotype, ventral view. C: ♀ Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n paratype, dorsal view. D: ♀ Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n paratype, ventral view. E: ♁ Calisto d. disjunctus Núñez & Barro holotype, dorsal view. F: ♁ Calisto d. disjunctus Núñez & Barro holotype, ventral view.
FIGURE 6 in A new subspecies of Calisto disjunctus Núñez & Barro (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae) from Western Cuba, with a key to the Cuban members of the genus
FIGURE 6. Relationships of Calisto disjunctus subspecies and the sister taxon Calisto bradleyi, recovered by ML analysis for COI barcodes performed in IQ-TREE. Nodal support represent bootstrap and SH-aLRT, respectively.
FIGURE 5 in A new subspecies of Calisto disjunctus Núñez & Barro (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae) from Western Cuba, with a key to the Cuban members of the genus
FIGURE 5. Habitat of Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n. A: Secondary forest clearing in Jardines de Hershey, Santa Cruz del Norte, Mayabeque. B: Gallery forest clearing within serpentine scrub-woodland in Lomas de Galindo, Santa Cruz del Norte, Mayabeque.
FIGURE 4 in A new subspecies of Calisto disjunctus Núñez & Barro (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Satyrinae) from Western Cuba, with a key to the Cuban members of the genus
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Calisto disjunctus. 1: Estero de las Piedras, Isla de la Juventud (type locality of Calisto d. disjunctus). For Calisto disjunctus hersheyi ssp. n. 2: El Taburete, Sierra del Rosario, Artemisa. 3: Escaleras de Jaruco, Jaruco, Mayabeque (visual record). 4: Jardines de Hershey, Santa Cruz del Norte, Mayabeque. 5: Lomas de Galindo, Santa Cruz del Norte, Mayabeque.
Data from: Genetic and phenotypic divergence between low- and high-altitude populations of two recently diverged cinnamon teal subspecies
Spatial variation in the environment can lead to divergent selection between populations occupying different parts of a species' range, and ultimately lead to population divergence. The colonization of new areas can thus facilitate divergence in beneficial traits, yet with little differentiation at neutral genetic markers. We investigated genetic and phenotypic patterns of divergence between low- and high-altitude populations of cinnamon teal inhabiting normoxic and hypoxic regions in the Andes and adjacent lowlands of South America. Cinnamon Teal showed strong divergence in body size (PC1; PST = 0.56) and exhibited significant frequency differences in a single non-synonymous α-hemoglobin amino acid polymorphism (Asn/Ser-α9; FST = 0.60) between environmental extremes, despite considerable admixture of mtDNA and intron loci (FST = 0.004–0.168). Inferences of strong population segregation were further supported by the observation of few mismatched individuals in either environmental extreme. Coalescent analyses indicated that the highlands were most likely colonized from lowland regions but following divergence, gene flow has been asymmetric from the highlands into the lowlands. Multiple selection pressures associated with high altitude habitats, including cold and hypoxia, have likely shaped morphological and genetic divergence within South American cinnamon teal populations.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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