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FIGURE 10 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 10. cf. Pareumys sp. from TBM: 1, RP4, UCM 95760; 2-3, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110396; 4, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110397; 5, RM1 or 2, DMNH 75334; 6, LM1 or 2, UCM 95758; 7, LM3, UCM 67987; 8, Rm1, UCM 69974; 9, Lm2, SDSNH 110366; 10, Rm3, SDSNH 110367; 11-12, Rm3, SDSNH 110434. 1-2, 4-11 occlusal views. 3, anterior view. 12, labial view. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 9. Sciuravid sp. A from TBM: 1, RM1 or 2, UCM 709102; 2, RM1 or 2, UCM 68903; 3, LM1 or 2, UCM 71413; 4, LM1 or 2, UCM 95763; 5, Rm1, UCM 95694; 6, Lm1 or 2, UCM 95757; 7, Rm1 or 2, SDSNH 110459; 8, Rm1 or 2, UCM 95699; 9, Lm3, UCM 95756. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Smaller Sciuravidae from TBM. 1 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 8. Smaller Sciuravidae from TBM. 1, Pauromys sp., cf. P. perditus, Lm1, SDSNH 110414. 2, sciuravid sp. B, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110412. 3-4, Sciuravid sp. C: 3, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110443; 4, Lm3, SDSNH 110441. 5-7, Sciuravid premolars: 5, LP4, SDSNH 110462; 6, partial Rp4, SDSNH 110454; 7, partial Rp4, SDSNH 140176. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 6. Thisbemys and Rodentia, family undetermined from TBM. 1, Thisbemys corrugatus, Rm1, UCM 70671. 2-3, Rodentia, family undetermined, Rm1 or 2, UCM 95700. 1-2, occlusal views. 3, oblique labial view. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Microparamys from TBM. 1-5 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 5. Microparamys from TBM. 1-5, Microparamys minutus: 1, LdP4, UCM 66310; 2, LP4, UCM 95695; 3, LM1 or 2, UCM 95697; 4, Rp4, SDSNH 110374; 5, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 74140. 6-9, Microparamys sp.: 6, LdP4, SDSNH 110395; 7, Lp4, SDSNH 110360; 8, Lm1, SDSNH 110361; 9, Lm2, SDSNH 110362. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Primates from TBM. 1-3 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 4. Primates from TBM. 1-3, Notharctus robustior: 1, RM1, DMNH 75300; partial RM1 or 2, UCM 78457; 3, partial RM3, UCM 69054. 4-5, Trogolemur myodes: 4, Rm2, UCM 78097; 5, Rm3, UCM 67883. 6, Washakius insignis, LM1 or 2, UCM 68541. 7-9, Omomys carteri: 7, LM3, 110357; 8, Lm1, SDSNH 110355; 9, Rm3, DMNH 75326. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 2. Schematic stratigraphic column of type section of Turtle Bluff Member on southwest flank of Cedar Mountain, Bridger Formation, showing relative stratigraphic positions of SDSNH, DMNH and UCM localities (along with the locality names in parentheses) that yielded the fossils described in this paper (modified and corrected after Gunnell et al., [2009]). Locality MPM 2970 occurs on southwest flank of Sage Creek Mountain and its approximate relative stratigraphic position is projected onto type section. Abbreviations are: Lithostr., lithostratigraphic; NALMA, North American Land Mammal age.

FIGURE 11 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 11. Metanoiamys sp. from TBM: 1, LdP4, DMNH 74135; 2, LP4, DMNH 75331; 3, LM1 or 2, DMNH 74136; 4, LM1 or 2, DMNH 75251; 5, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110442; 6, LM3, UCM 98813; 7, Rdp4, SDSNH 110369; 8, Lp4, DMNH 74143; 9, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75252; 10, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75250; 11, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75254; 12, Lm3, DMNH 74144. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 1. Map of study area showing modern and historical geographic terminology along with geographic position of type section of Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation (modified after Murphey [2001]). The light purple shading represents areas on the lower slopes of the principal mountain landforms and the green shading represents areas above the base of the uppermost slopes for each landform (approximate elevations in feet are shown). Insert map shows location of study area in state of Wyoming.

FIGURE 7. Larger Sciuravidae from TBM. 1 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 7. Larger Sciuravidae from TBM. 1, Sciuravus nitidus, RP4, UCM 68430. 2-4, Taxymys lucaris: 2, RM1 or 2, UCM 68307; 3, LM1 or 2, UCM 95762; 4, LM3, DMNH 75336. 5-7, Tillomys senex: 5, Lm1 or 2, DMNH 75328; 6, Rm1 or 2, DMNH 75279; 7, Rm1 or 2, SDSNH 110363. 8-9, Tillomys? parvidens: 8, Rm1 or 2, SDSNH 110379; 9, Lm3, DMNH 75288. All occlusal views. Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Microsyopidae from TBM. 1-4 in Mammals from the earliest Uintan (middle Eocene) Turtle Bluff Member, Bridger Formation, southwestern Wyoming, USA, Part 1: Primates and Rodentia

FIGURE 3. Microsyopidae from TBM. 1-4, Uintasorex parvulus: 1, RM1 or 2, SDSNH 110359; 2-3, Rdp4, SDSNH 110358; 4, Lm2, DMNH 75287. 5-7, Microsyops annectans: 5, Rm1, UCM 68541; 6-7, partial dentary with Rm2, UCM 70315. 1-2, 4-6, occlusal views. 3 and 7, labial views. Scale bars equal 1 mm for 1-6 and scale bar for 7 equals 5 mm.

FIGURE 9 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 9. Reconstruction of the dorsal and ventral views of the shells of the three Podocnemididae species studied here, Eocenochelus lacombianus sp. nov. (1–2), Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov. (3–4), and Eocenochelus farresi sp. nov. (5–6), compared to those of the extant Malagasy Erymnochelys madagascariensis (7–8), and the European Eocene Neochelys liriae (9–10).

FIGURE 8 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 8. Shell of the holotype of Eocenochelus farresi sp. nov., MGSB 74.641-GLV.T.45, from the upper Eocene (Priabonian) of Can Beuloví (Sobremunt, Barcelona, Spain), in dorsal (1–2) and ventral (3–4) views. Abbreviations: AB, abdominal scute; AN, anal scute; c, costal; en, entoplastron; ep, epiplastron; FE, femoral scute; GU, gular scute; hp, hypoplastron; HU, humeral scute; hy, hyoplastron; IG, intergular scute; M, marginal scute; ms, mesoplastron; n, neural; p, peripheral; PC, pectoral scute; PL, pleural scute; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute; xi, xiphiplastron.

FIGURE 4 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 4. Some elements of the carapace of the holotype of Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov., MNHN.F CGR 101, from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines, Île-de-France, France). 1–2, plates of the carapace, in dorsal and ventral views. 3–4, reconstruction of the dorsal view of the shell, showing the position of all these elements of the carapace. 4–6, details of the outer surface of some plates of the carapace: the second left peripheral (4), the distal region of the sixth right costal (5), and the proximal region of the fourth left costal (6). Abbreviations: c, costal; M, marginal scute; n, neural; p, peripheral; PL, pleural scute; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute.

FIGURE 1 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 1. Stratigraphic and paleobiogeographical distributions of the currently accepted members of Erymnochelyinae, including the European taxa described here, i.e., the representatives of the new genus Eocenochelus, belonging to the Erymnochelys group. The shell and skull symbols accompanying the name of each taxon indicate which of these elements are known. The star indicates continental Stereogenyina, and the pentagon indicates continental or littoral Stereogenyina.

FIGURE 3 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 3. Skull of the holotype of Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov., MNHN.F CGR 101, from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines, Île-de-France, France), in dorsal (1–2), ventral (3–4) and right lateral (5–6) views. Abbreviations: ane, apertura narium externa; ang, angular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cm, condylus mandibularis; cpt, cavum pterygoidei; cv, cervical vertebra; den, dentary; ex, exoccipital; fct, foramen anterius chorda tympani; fo, fossa orbitalis; fpo, fenestra postotica; fpp, foramen palatinum posterius; fr, frontal; FR, frontal scute; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; IP, interparietal scute; ju, jugal; MS, masseterian scute; mx, maxilla; MX, maxillary scute; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; PA, parietal scute; pal, palatine; pf, prefrontal; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; ptp processus trochlearis pterygoidei; pw, pterygoid wing; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; SO, subocular scute.

FIGURE 7 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 7. Shell of the holotype of Eocenochelus lacombianus sp. nov., MNHN.F EBA 534, from the lower Eocene (Ypresian) of Soulane (Jonquières, Aude, France). 1–2, carapace, in dorsal view. 3–4, carapace, in ventral view. 5, reconstruction of the dorsal view of the shell, showing the position of the preserved elements of the carapace. 6–7, plastron, in ventral view. 8–9, plastron, in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AB, abdominal scute; AN, anal scute; c, costal; en, entoplastron; ep, epiplastron; FE, femoral scute; GU, gular scute; hp, hypoplastron; HU, humeral scute; hy, hyoplastron; IG, intergular scute; M, marginal scute; ms, mesoplastron; n, neural; nu, nuchal; p, peripheral; PC, pectoral scute; PL, pleural scute; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute; xi, xiphiplastron.

FIGURE 6 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 6. Fragmentary skeletal bones of the holotypes of Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov., MNHN.F CGR 101, from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines, Île-de-France, France) (1–49), and Eocenochelus lacombianus sp. nov., MNHN.F EBA 534, from the lower Eocene (Ypresian) of Soulane (Jonquières, Aude, France) (50–57). 1–4, left hyoid horn, second branchial horn, in dorsal (1), medial (2), ventral (3) and lateral (4) views. 5–9, acromion of the right scapula with the partial glenoid articular region, in posterior (5), ventral (6), anterior (7) and dorsal (8) views, and articular part in ventrolateral view (9). 10–14, acromion of the left scapula with the partial glenoid articular region, in posterior (10), ventral (11), anterior (12) and dorsal (13) views, and proximal articular section (14). 15–19, left coracoid in dorsal (15), posteroventral (16), ventral (17) and anterior (18) views, and articular-glenoid facet part, in proximal view (19). 20–25, left ischium, in anterior (20), medial (21), posterior (22) and distal (23) views, and dorsal (24) and ventral (25) sections. 26–31, right ilium, in posterior (26), lateral (27), anterior (28) and medial (29) views, and dorsal (30) and ventral (31) sections. 32–37, left pubis, in anterior (32), medial (33), posterior (34) and lateral (35) views, proximal articular-acetabular region in dorsal view (36), and ventral section (37). 38–43, left humerus, in anterior (38), ventral (39), posterior (40) and dorsal (41) views, and proximal (42) and distal (43) sections. 44–49, right femur, in anterolateral (44), ventral (45), posteromedial (46) and dorsal (47) views, and proximal (48) and distal (49) sections. 50–53, right hemipelvis, in lateral (50), posterior (51), anterior (52) and medioventral (53) views. 54–57, left hemipelvis, in lateral (54), posterior (55), anterior (56) and medial (57) views.

FIGURE 2 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 2. Geographic locations of the type localities of the European Eocene representatives of the podocnemidid Eocenochelus gen. nov.: Soulane (Jonquières, Aude, France), type locality of the lower Eocene (Ypresian) Eocenochelus lacombianus sp. nov.; Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines, Île-de-France, France), type locality of the middle Eocene (Lutetian) Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov.; Can Beuloví (Sobremunt, Barcelona, Spain), type locality of the upper Eocene (Priabonian) Eocenochelus farresi sp. nov.

FIGURE 5 in The Erymnochelys group of turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) in the Eocene of Europe: New taxa and paleobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 5. Plastron of the holotype of Eocenochelus eremberti comb. nov., MNHN.F CGR 101, from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines, Île-de-France, France), in ventral (1–2) and dorsal (3–4) views. Abbreviations: AB, abdominal scute; AN, anal scute; en, entoplastron; ep, epiplastron; FE, femoral scute; GU, gular scute; hp, hypoplastron; HU, humeral scute; hy, hyoplastron; IG, intergular scute; M, marginal scute; ms, mesoplastron; PC, pectoral scute; xi, xiphiplastron.