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opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Organization of the lophophore in the deep-sea brachiopod Pelagodiscus atlanticus and evolution of the lophophore in the Brachiozoa

Fig. 1 Morphology of Pelagodiscus atlanticus. a Dorsal view of the fixed animal: the dorsal valve (dv) with long setae (ls) is visible. b Ventral view of the fixed animal: the ventral valve (vv) is partly open, and the mantle cavity (mc) contains two lophophoral arms (lam). c View

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Data from: Parallel evolution of jugal structures in Devonian athyridide brachiopods

Here, we describe Sinathyris crassa gen. et sp. nov., a new early Emsian (Early Devonian) athyridide brachiopod with a double spiralium from the Guangxi Province of southern China. Unlike the majority of genera of the subfamily Helenathyridinae, which possess accessory spiral lamellae developed directly from the jugal branches, the form described here shows these lamellae arising from a distally bifurcating jugal stem. These differences suggest that the double spiralium in S. crassa might have appeared independently from the double spiralium of the helenathyridins. To test the subfamily assignment of Sinathyris gen. nov., we carried out phylogenetic analyses, which indicate that the new genus is more appropriately referred to the Didymothyridinae. The cladistic analyses of the athyridides indicate that double spiralia have developed independently among these brachiopods at least five times during their evolutionary history.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

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Data from: Go large or go conical: allometric trajectory of an early Cambrian acrotretide brachiopod

<p>Acrotretides are extinct micromorphic brachiopods that exhibited considerable morphological variation during their rapid evolution in the early Palaeozoic. The plano-conical shells of acrotretides are distinct in comparison to other brachiopod groups and despite their diversity and abundance in early Palaeozoic communities, their origins, early evolution, life history and phylogeny are poorly understood. Here, we employ advanced geometric morphometrics to quantitatively investigate ontogenetic variation and allometry in the ventral valve of the oldest known acrotretide species from the early Cambrian of South China. Our results identify substantial shape variation for <i>Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis</i>, along with a parabolic morphological trajectory through ontogeny, demonstrating a remarkable reversal to a juvenile morphology during later ontogenetic stages. The evolutionary novel body plan (diminutive and plano-conical) of Acrotretida was established gradually during two phases of allometry, formed initially during the final stage of the Cambrian evolutionary radiation from an ancestral low, equivalved lingulide body plan. The development of a conical shaped valve seems to have resulted in an overall smaller body size, when compared with non-conical forms. The heterochronic processes responsible for generating these ontogenetic modifications at different allometric phases may have facilitated the evolutionary diversification of acrotretide brachiopods during the early Palaeozoic.</p>

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

opennotspecifiedOct 2011View details →

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Ordovician brachiopods from northeastern Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen 3076

FIGURE 1 Locality maps of the Svalbard Archipelago. a) Locations of sites yielding Lower Palaeozoic fossils mentioned in this paper. b) Geological map of the Basissletta plain, northeastern Ny Friesland; redrawn from Fortey & Bruton (1973). The base map is based on aerial photos made available by the Norwegian Polar Institute and on field observations made by the authors in 2008.

opennotspecifiedOct 2011View details →

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Ordovician brachiopods from northeastern Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen 3076

FIGURE 2 Stratigraphical ranges and diversity of brachiopod species at Basissletta, Spitsbergen, and relative sea levels and percentages of linguliform brachiopods in the total brachiopod fauna. White shading in the last graph indicates stratigraphical intervals without brachiopods. Thicknesses of units are according to Fortey & Bruton (1973). Lithological log and sea level curve are from Hansen & Holmer (2010).

opennotspecifiedOct 2011View details →

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Ordovician brachiopods from northeastern Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen 3076

FIGURE 3 Rose histograms for the umbonal orientation of the large brachiopod Ectenoglossa? oviforma sp. nov. found in the Olenidsletta Member, Valhallfonna Formation. a) Histogram of 58 specimens from 88 m above the base of the member. b) Histogram of 13 specimens from 94 m above the base of the member.

opennotspecifiedMay 2014View details →

Figure 3 in Craniid brachiopods: aspects of clade structure and distribution reflect continental drift (Brachiopoda: Craniiformea)

Figure 3. Craniid phylogeny. PAUP* maximum likelihood tree constructed from nuclear LSU rDNA sequences using the best-fitting evolutionary model and showing jackknife clade support (%). In this tree (contrast with Figure 2) the NE Pacific clade is allied to the Tethyan and Northern clades.

opennotspecifiedMay 2014View details →

Figure 4 in Craniid brachiopods: aspects of clade structure and distribution reflect continental drift (Brachiopoda: Craniiformea)

Figure 4. Craniid phylogeny. Relative age, Bayesian log-likelihood, relaxed-clock time-tree from BEAST, root age defined as 1.0, with inferred relative time-depths of other nodes as shown, or as noted in the Discussion. Confidence intervals (95% highest posterior density) are shown as bars across nodes. Based on SSU+LSU sequences of craniid ingroup and brachiopod and phoronid outgroups.

Figure 3. Chronogram. The maximum clade credibility tree amongst 9000 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 3. Chronogram. The maximum clade credibility tree amongst 9000 trees from an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock analysis of the rDNA alignment. Nodes are labelled A–R and show mean node ages and 95% highest posterior density (HPD) ranges as wide black bars. See Table 1 for details of SDmean, 95% HPD confidence limits of mean ages, descriptions of nodes and of mean age agreement with external ages. Vertical lines labelled NZ (New Zealand), MAG (Magellanic), Laq (laqueoid) and Short (short-looped terebratulidine) mark the respective clades and the proximate and more distant outgroups. Evolutionary model for dating analysis: 18 taxa, 2833 sites, general time reversible with estimated frequency of invariant sites and gamma rate distribution (four rate categories) with empirical base frequencies; uncorrelated lognormal distribution. Priors: substitution rates, Jefferies; site model alpha and invariant, Normal, mean = 0.7, SD = 0.1, initial = 0.7; tree model root height, lognormal logx mean = 2.39, SD = 0.5; defined taxon sets, default tree prior. Markov chain Monte Carlo chain 107 cycles, sampled every 103. TreeAnnotator was used to identify the maximum clade credibility tree of 9000 trees after 1001 trees were discarded as burnin.

Figure 5 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope images of transverse sections of dorsal shells. Images are from near the middle of each section and therefore are approximately perpendicular to the shell anterior–posterior axis. Labels indicate primary layer (PL) and secondary layer (SL). Measurements are from various mid-section locations, not only those in images. Scale bars: A–C, E, F = 200 Mm, D = 100 Mm. If viewed on screen or printed as a full-page image the secondary fibres may appear too small to be clearly visible. Therefore the original figures (~760 dpi) are also available in Appendix S2A–F. A, Coptothyris sp. Shell total thickness 748–1130 Mm (ribs), 474–527 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 632 ± 193 Mm (N = 7). PL thickness 49.4–64.9 Mm (ribs), 24.4–26.6 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 757–951 Mm (ribs), 472–480 Mm (grooves). B, Terebratalia transversa. Shell total thickness 883–982 Mm (ribs), 580–784 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 250 ± 89 Mm (N = 8). PL thickness 60–75.3 Mm (ribs), 44.2–60.7 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 850–929 Mm (ribs), 635–684 Mm (grooves). C, Magellania venosa. Shell total thickness 700–960 Mm. PL thickness 32.1–41.9 Mm. SL thickness 654–918 Mm. D, Terebratulina retusa. Shell total thickness 227–254 Mm (ribs), 163–173 Mm (grooves). PL thickness 30.6–64 Mm (ribs), 7.7–12.9 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 170–189 Mm (ribs), 136–164 Mm (grooves). E, Terebratella dorsata. Shell total thickness 873–973 Mm (ribs), 803–848 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 79.1 ± 18.4 Mm (N = 6). PL thickness 42–62.5 Mm (ribs), 28.6–39.1 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 850–929 Mm (ribs), 768–797 Mm (grooves). F, Terebratella sanguinea. Shell total thickness 338–414 Mm (ribs), 281–333 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 56.9 ± 14.6 Mm (N = 3). PL thickness 31.4–46.5 Mm (ribs), 26.3–36.3 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 361–365 Mm (ribs), 259–285 Mm (grooves).

Figure 2 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1; all nucleotide sites) alignment, with bootstrap %. In the Akaike information criterion-selected best-fit ML model (Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano, with estimated frequency of invariable sites, Pinvar = 0.45 and gamma distribution of rates, shape parameter 0.92). Labels as in Figure 1.

Figure 1 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 1. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram based on rDNA sequences. Taxa with ribbed shells have underlined names. Vertical lines labelled NZ (New Zealand), MAG (Magellanic) and Laq (laqueoid) mark the respective ingroup clades and the outgroup. ML tree constructed by heuristic search with tree bisection-reconnection branch exchange, rooted with laqueoid outgroups and using the Akaike information criterion-selected alignment-specific general time reversible ML model with gamma and invariant site corrections, gamma shape = 0.78 Pinvar = 0.80. With bootstrap support (%) based on 1000 pseudoreplicates using ML distances analysed by BioNJ. The maximum parsimony and ML trees had identical topology and similar bootstrap % (parsimony length = 1169, consistency index = 0.95, retention index = 0.84).

Figure 4 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 4. Macrophotographs of Terebratella spp. individuals. A, B, dorsal and anterior views of an individual of Terebratella dorsata. C, dorsal view of a second individual of Terebratella dorsata. D, E, dorsal and anterior views of an individual of Terebratella sanguinea. F, dorsal view of a second individual of Terebratella sanguinea. Scale bars = 1.0 cm.

Figure 6 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 6. Growth trajectories. Scattergrams of length (L) and width (W) in samples of Magellania venosa (N = 31), Terebratella dorsata (N = 36) and Terebratella sanguinea (N = 63), with linear regression lines (not constrained to pass through zero). Regression accounts for 82 to 92% of the size variation. See text for details. t-tests for differences in slope found a significant difference (P = 0.01) between Magellania venosa and Terebratella dorsata and between each of them and Terebratella sanguinea (P << 0.001).

Figure 7 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus

Figure 7. Ebiscothyris bellonensis gen. et sp. nov., cruise EBISCO, Coral Sea, South-West Pacific: A–H, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of complete specimens, CP 2616, 786–836 m depth; A–D, paratype, IB-2013-2; E–H, holotype, IB-2013-1. I, dorsal view of complete specimen, with very long, thin pedicle, paratype, CP 2616, 786–836 m depth, IB- 2013-3. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus

Figure 6. rDNA tree of taxa with modified long loops. Best maximum-likelihood tree (GTR + invariant + gamma model) from RAxML with thorough bootstrap support (%), based on 2694 nucleotides of aligned sequences from SSU and LSU nuclear-encoded genes of 15 in-group and three rhynchonellide out-group taxa. Potentially misaligned and gapped sites (5%) were pruned by GBlocks. Several backbone nodes received very low bootstrap support and the tree has been redrawn by hand to remove them, leaving no effective resolution of relationships between the in-group superfamilies represented in this alignment. The sequence for Argyrotheca (JH97) was used with the permission of Dr J. Hoffman.

Figure 2. Case 2 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus

Figure 2. Case 2: Cancellothyridoid gene tree. Best maximum-likelihood tree (GTR + invariant + gamma model) from RAxML with thorough bootstrap support (%), based on 2810 nucleotides of aligned sequences from up to four genes (12S and 16S mitochondrial, and SSU and LSU nuclear) from 30 in-group and three rhynchonellide out-group taxa. Gblocks was used to prune potentially misaligned and gap sites (18% were discarded). In-group backbone nodes with no bootstrap support value attached are considered to be unsupported (may be collapsed; boostrap <50%). Four taxa, marked (LSU), are represented by LSU sequence data alone, and in each case this sequence clusters with the cognate multiple sequences, indicating that the LSU fragment alone can accurately place the taxon.

Figure 5 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus

Figure 5. Laqueoidea rDNA tree. Best maximum-likelihood tree (GTR + invariant + gamma model) from RAxML with thorough bootstrap support (%), based on 2882 nucleotides of aligned sequences from SSU and LSU nuclear-encoded genes of seven laqueoid in-group and six terebratulide out-group taxa. The small number of potentially misaligned and gap sites were not removed. The failure of the two Kingenoids to form a clade may be caused by limited sequence data rather than by misclassification.

Figure 9 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus

Figure 9. Ebiscothyris bellonensis gen. et sp. nov., cruise EBISCO, Coral Sea, South-West Pacific, SEM micrographs; A, B, ventral valve, station CP 2556, 741–791 m depth, IB-2013-7; A, transverse section of the entire shell showing the primary layer (pri) underlain by the fibrous secondary layer (sec), passing into the prismatic tertiary layer (ter); B, section of the shell showing primary (pri), secondary (sec), and tertiary (ter) layers; a puncta with a radiating brush is also visible; C, D, dorsal valve, CP 2557, 800–923 m depth, IB-2013-5; C, latero-oblique view of internal surface, showing the incurved valve margin built of densely arranged sheets of secondary fibres (left) and prisms of tertiary layer (right); D, internal surface showing discrete units of prisms and very small punctae (arrows). E, F, Kanakythyris pachyrhynchos Laurin, 1997, cruise NORFOLK 2, Norfolk Ridge, station DW 2136, 402–410 m depth; E, transverse section of the entire shell; F, internal surface with discrete units of prisms. Scale bars: A, C, D, E, F, 50 μm, B, 20 μm.

Figure 4. Laqueoidea cox1 in Congruence and conflict: case studies of morphotaxonomy versus rDNA gene tree phylogeny among articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea), with description of a new genus

Figure 4. Laqueoidea cox1 tree. Best maximum-likelihood tree (GTR + invariant + gamma model) from RAxML with thorough bootstrap support (%), based on 1218 nucleotides of aligned sequences of the cox1 mitochondrial gene from 14 laqueoid in-group and six terebratulide out-group taxa. The sequences were aligned with no gaps. Nodes with no bootstrap support value attached are considered to be unsupported (bootstrap <50%) and may be collapsed.