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FIGURE 6 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 6. Hindlimb of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). right pelvis in 1 dorsal and 2 lateral views; 3 right femur in anterior view; 4 right tibia in proximal (top), anterior (middle) and distal (bottom) views; left astragalus in 5 dorsal and 6 plantar views; 7 right navicular in proximal view; 8 navicular and entocuneiform in plantar views.
FIGURE 5 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 5. Forelimb of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 right and left ulnae in frontal view; 2 left ulna in medial view; right radius in 3 frontal, 4 lateral, and 5 posterior views.
FIGURE 4 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 4. Scapulae and humeri of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 right and 2 left scapulae in proximal view; 3 left scapula in dorsolateral view; right and left humeri in 4 right and left humeri in anterior (top) and distal (bottom) views; 5 right and left humeri in posterior view.
FIGURE 1 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 1. Geographical and stratigraphical occurrence of MPEF-PV 8166. 1 location of Cañadón Vaca, Chubut, Argentina; 2 Paleogene time table and South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMAs) after (Woodburne et al. 2014a,b); 3 skeletal restoration of Thomashuxleya modified from Simpson (1936); 4 artistic reconstruction of Thomashuxleya externa (by Stjepan Lukac).
FIGURE 2 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 2. Skull of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 ventral view; 2 lateral view; 3 occiput in caudal view; 4 detail of upper dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations are prot=protocone (part of the protoloph), par=paracone (part of the ectoloph), parst=parastyle, met=metacone (part of the ectoloph), metst=metastyle, meph=metaloph, pr.l.f.=primary lingual fold, m.cin=mesial cingulum, l.cin=lingual cingulum.
FIGURE 3 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 3. Mandible of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166) in 1 dorsal and 2 lateral views; 3 lower dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations are tri=trigonid, tal=talonid, prod=protoconid, metd=metaconid, entd=entoconid, hypd=hypoconulid.
FIGURE 9 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 9. Strict consensus of 510 trees, 122374 steps in length from unconstrained parsimony analysis of combined proteomic and morphological data.
FIGURE 12 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 12. Optimal Bayesian tree (i.e., 50% majority rule of post-burn-in trees) of combined proteomic and morphological analysis constraining monophyly of each of two clades (but not both together): Notoungulata (i.e., Thomashuxleya and Toxodon) and Litopterna (i.e., Protolipterna and Macrauchenia). Numbers represent Bayesian posterior probabilities; daggers indicate fossil taxa.
FIGURE 7 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 7. Bone histology and microstructure of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 Cross section of the midshaft of the right femur; 2 same as 1 after conversion to a binary image (black represents bone and white the cavities); 3 bone histology under linear polarized light, with black arrows pointing the lines of arrested growth (LAGs). OCL= Outer circumferential layer. 4 Bone histology under cross polarized light.
FIGURE 11 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 11. Optimal Bayesian tree (i.e., 50% majority rule of post-burn-in trees) of combined proteomic and morphological data. Numbers represent Bayesian posterior probabilities; daggers indicate fossil taxa.
FIGURE 7 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 7. Tooth wear in the bilophodont molars of Carodnia vieirai. (7.1) Initial facets on the distal sides of the anterior loph of the left m2 (paratype, DGM 334M). (7.2) Planar wear facets on m2-m3 in a later stage of wear (holotype, DGM 333M). (7.3) Scheme for three stages of the interaction of lophs during phase I of the power stroke: cutting, compressing, central occlusion (modified from Koenigswald, 2014). (7.4) Mastication compass symbolizing the jaw moment in almost mesial direction with a high inclination.
FIGURE 3 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 3. Crystallites and prisms in the enamel of Carodnia vieirai. SEM images. (3.1) Prisms in a tangential section (KOE 4122) with open prism sheaths. The crystallites are not visible. (3.2) Crystallites forming prisms and inter prismatic matrix in a tangential section (KOE 4212a). The rounded prisms have a closed prism sheath. (3.3) Transversal section of UFRJ-DG 315M showing prisms in cross-section with open prism sheaths etched away and appearing as a trench. (3.4) Prisms in HSB show different directions. One set occurs in cross-section the other more tangentially. Detail from the outer layer in a transverse section (KOE 4212e). (3.5) The enamel near the outer enamel surface in a transverse section (KOE 4121d). The prisms continue until the OES. IPM – interprismatic matrix, OES – outer enamel surface, P – prisms, PS – prism sheath.
FIGURE 2 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 2. Carodnia vieirai (UFRJ-DG 315M), vertical (2.1-2) and transverse (2.3) sections of a left p1 in reflected light images (RLM). The grounded, etched and sputter coated sections were illuminated almost tangentially from different sides, indicated by the arrows framing the lamps. Areas of similar prisms orientation reflect in the light in the same intensity. The vertical section (2.1) is passing through the tip, whereas (2.2) shows the labial side, about the midpoint. All sections show the difference between the inner and the outer zone. The location of the light bulb in each photography shows where the illumination come from.
FIGURE 6 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 6. Vertical Hunter-Schreger bands in tangential sections of the enamel of Carodnia vieirai (KOE 4121). (6.1) and (6.2) show the orientation of the HSB illuminated in RLM. Note in (6.2) the changing direction towards the outer rim at the right. In higher magnification in the SEM image (6.3) the transitional zones appears somewhat darker.
FIGURE 5 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 5. Transverse section of the enamel in Carodnia. Mosaic of two SEM images of KOE 4121, which shows the innermost zone of radial enamel, the inner zone of transverse HSB and the outer zone of vertical HSB. EDJ – enamel-dentine junction, OES – outer enamel surface.
FIGURE 1 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 1. Carodnia vieirai. (1.1) Fragmented skull (DGM 335M) and (1.2) right mandibular ramus (DGM 334M); (1.3) life reconstruction and its comparative size to other Itaboraí species (from left to right: Tetragonostylops apthomasi (Astrapotheria), Patene simpsoni (Metatheria), Colbertia magellanica (Notoungulata), Riostegotherium yanei (Xenarthra); art by Rodolfo Nogueira.
FIGURE 4 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 4. Vertical (4.1) and transverse (4.2) sections of the sputtered enamel of Carodnia vieirai in RLM. (4.1) KOE 4121, (4.2) KOE 4133. The arrow indicates the direction toward the occlusal surface.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of jerboa (Mammalia, Rodentia, Allactaga) from the late Miocene of Ukraine
FIGURE 2. Dental terminology used in this paper (after Zazhigin and Lopatin, 2000a). Upper dentition: 1, anterostyle; 2, anteroloph I; 3, anteroloph II; 4, anterocone; 5, anterior arm of the protocone; 6, protocone; 7, protostyle; 8, posterior arm of the protocone; 9, anterior endoloph; 10, mesocone; 11, endosinus; 12, endostyle; 13, posterior endoloph; 14, hypocone; 15, posterior arm of the hypocone; 16, lingual arm of the posteroloph; 17, the metaconule; 18, labial arm of the posteroloph; 19, posterofossette; 20, metaloph II; 21, metaloph I; 22, metacone; 23, mesofossette; 24, mesoloph; 25, mesostyle; 26, protoloph II; 27, protoloph I; 28, paracone; 29, anterofossette. Lower dentition: 30, anteroconid; 31, labial arm of the anterolophid; 32, lingual arm of the anterolophid; 33, anterolophulid; 34, anterosinusid; 35, anterior arm of the protoconid; 36, metalophid I; 37, protoconid; 38, posterior arm of the protoconid; 39, metalophid II; 40, ectolophid; 41, mesoconid; 42, ectomesolophid; 43, ectostylid; 44, ectosinusid; 45, anterior arm of the hypoconid; 46, hypoconid; 47, posterior arm of the hypoconid; 48, hypoconulid; 49, labial arm of the posterolophid; 50, posterolophid; 51, posterofossettid; 52, entoconid; 53, anterior arm of the entoconid; 54, mesofossettid; 55, mesolophid; 56, mesostylid; 57, endolophid; 58, metastylid crest; 59, metaconid; 60, anterior arm of the metaconid; 61, anterofossettid; 62, cingulid.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of jerboa (Mammalia, Rodentia, Allactaga) from the late Miocene of Ukraine
FIGURE 3. Molars of Allactaga fru sp. nov. in occlusal views, Frunzovka 2 locality, southern Ukraine, late Miocene (MN 11). 1, holotype, left M1 (NMNHU-P 41/5549); 2-5, left M1 (NMNHU-P 41/5550-5553). 6-7, left M2 (NMNHU-P 41/ 5557-5558). 8, right M2 (NMNHU-P 41/5566). 9-10, left m1 (NMNHU-P 41/5567-5568). 11-14, right m1 (NMNHU-P 41/5570-5573). 15-16, left m2 (NMNHU-P 41/5577-5578). 17, right m2 (NMNHU-P 41/5580). 18-20, right m3 (NMNHU-P 41/5584-5586). 21, left P4 (NMNHU-P 41/5548).
FIGURE 1 in A new species of jerboa (Mammalia, Rodentia, Allactaga) from the late Miocene of Ukraine
FIGURE 1. Location of the type locality Frunzovka 2, near Zakharivka (former Frunzovka) village, Odessa region, Ukraine.
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