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Figure 4 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. after impregnation with protargol. A, infraciliature of the ventral posterior portion, showing the nonmigratory row (arrow), the postoral (arrowheads), and the left ventral cirri (double arrowheads). B, infraciliature of an anterior portion, showing the frontal cirri (arrows), buccal cirri (arrowhead), and the undulating membranes (double arrowheads). C, left lateral view, showing the left ventral rows, and the left marginal row (arrow). D, dorsal kineties, in which kinetosomes become more densely spaced from left to right (arrows). E, dorsal view, showing the anterior portion of the nonmigratory row (arrowhead) and the right marginal row (arrow). F, nuclear apparatus, some with replication bands can be seen. G, H, ventral and dorsal views of an early stage divider, showing the undulating membrane anlagen (arrow in G), FVT anlagen (arrowheads), and the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which come from the posteriormost FVT streak (double arrowheads) of the opisthe. The arrows in (H) indicate the dorsal kineties anlagen. I, early divider showing the appearance of the oral primordium (arrow) and the enlarged macronuclear nodules of the proter. J, separating ellipsoid macronuclear nodules. K, L, ventral views of a late-stage divider (same specimen), showing the developed cirri of the proter (K) and the opisthe (L); the arrows indicate the migrating postoral and left ventral cirri, and the arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. M, dorsal view of the same specimen shown in (K) and (L), showing the anlagen of the marginal rows (arrows) and the new dorsal kineties.

FIGURE 6. A–B. Lithacrosiphon cristatus. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 6. A–B. Lithacrosiphon cristatus. A) lateral view, introvert everted; B) hooks. C–D. Cloesiphon aspergillus. C) lateral view, introvert retracted; D) hook. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 20 µm; C, 2 mm; D, 20 µm.

FIGURE 4. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 4. A. Antillesoma antillarum, lateral view, introvert everted. B–D. Apionsoma misakianum. B) lateral view, introvert everted; C) lateral view, introvert retracted; D) hook. E–F. A. trichocephalus. E) head (white arrowhead - rudimental tentacle on dorsal arc.); F) hook. Scale bars: A–B, 5 mm; C, 2 mm; D, 20 µm; E, 100 µm; F, 20 µm.

FIGURE 2. A–B. Nephasoma pellucidum. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 2. A–B. Nephasoma pellucidum. A) lateral view, introvert everted; B) hook. C) Thysanocardia catharinae, lateral view, introvert everted. D) Themiste cymodoceae, dorsal view, introvert everted. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 100 µm; C–D, 2.5 mm.

FIGURE 1. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 1. A. Sipunculus nudus, dorsal view, introvert everted. B–D. Siphonosoma australe. B) lateral view, introvert retracted; C) head with tentacular apparatus; D) hooks. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; C, 3 mm; D, 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 5. A–C. Aspidosiphon elegans. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 5. A–C. Aspidosiphon elegans. A) lateral view, introvert everted; B) bidentate hook; C) conical hook. D–H. A. gracilis. D) lateral view, introvert half everted; E) anal shield; F) caudal shield (white arrowhead - caudal shield.); G) hooks; H) the base of hooks (black asterisk - bifurcated posterior edge of hooks). I–J. A. muelleri. I) lateral view, introvert everted; J) hooks. K–L. A. laevis. K) lateral view, introvert everted; L) hooks. M-Q. A. steenstrupii. M) lateral view, introvert everted; N) close-up view of the introvert with calcareous anal shield (white arrow, calcareous cap on anal shield); O) bidentate hook; P) bidentate hooks & papillae; Q) pyramidal hooks. R-S. A. tenuis. R) lateral view, introvert everted; S) hook. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 20 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 5 mm; E–F, 1 mm; G–H, 50 µm; I, 5 mm; J, 20 µm; K, 5 mm; L, 20 µm; M–N, 5 mm; O, 50 µm; P, 25 µm; Q, 50 µm; R, 5 mm; S, 50 µm.

FIGURE 3. A–B. Phascolosoma arcuatum. A in Peanut worms of the phylum Sipuncula from the Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea) with a key to species

FIGURE 3. A–B. Phascolosoma arcuatum. A) lateral view, retracted introvert; B) hook. C–D. P. nigrescens. C) ventral view, introvert everted; D) hooks of P. nigrescens. E–F. P. s c o l o p s. E) lateral view, introvert everted; F) hook (black arrow – triangle of hook; black arrowhead-clear streak). G–I. P. stephensoni. G) lateral view, retracted introvert; H) hook; I) the row of hooks (black asterisk-basal warts). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 50 µm; C, 10 mm; D, 50 µm; E, 5 mm; F, 50 µm; G, 5 mm; H–I, 50 µm.

FIGURE 8. A in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 8. A Bayesian inference (BI) tree for Uca chlorophthalmus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), U. crassipes (White, 1947) and U. splendida (Stimpson, 1858) from the Indo-West Pacific and outgroups, based on COI gene. Probability values at the nodes represent support values for BI, maximum likelihood (MI) and maximum parsimony (MP). "*" indicates specimens from the type locality of U. splendida or U. crassipes. For haplotype names, see Table 1.

FIGURE 7 in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 7. The distal part of right G1 (in mesial view) of Uca chlorophthalmus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (A), U. crassipes (White, 1947) (B) and U. splendida (Stimpson, 1858) (C), with similar carapace widths around 19.1 mm. Specimens used are the same in (D) of Fig. 6.

FIGURE 6 in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 6. Morphology of different sizes of Uca chlorophthalmus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), U. crassipes (White, 1847) and U. splendida (Stimpson, 1858) males (top, middle and bottom in B–D). A, left: U. crassipes, 11.2 mm (Guam; ZRC 2000.0637) and right: U. splendida, 11.3 mm (Hainan, China; NCHUZOOL 13449). B, 13.1 mm (Kenya; NCHUZOOL 13498), 13.1 mm (Cocos-Keeling; ZRC) and 13.0 mm (New Taipei, Taiwan; NCHUZOOL 13446), respectively. C, 16.2 mm (Mayotte; MNHN- IU-2011-5601), 16.3 (Cocos-Keeling; ZRC) and 16.2 mm (Penghu, Taiwan; NCHUZOOL 13481), respectively. D, 19.2 mm (Mayotte; MNHN-IU-2011-5600), 19.1 mm (Philippines; NCHUZOOL 13473), 19.2 mm (Penghu, Taiwan; NCHUZOOL 13456), respectively. E, top: U. crassipes, 23.1 mm (Dongsha, Taiwan; NCHUZOOL 13464) and bottom: U. splendida, 23.5 mm (Penghu, Taiwan; NCHUZOOL 13488). Some males' chelae are separated from the body.

FIGURE 5 in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 5. Uca crassipes (White, 1847). Live coloration of adults (A–D, F) and juvenile (E). Photos taken from Dongsha Island, Taiwan (A–E) and Cocos-Keeling, Australia (F).

FIGURE 4 in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 4. Uca splendida (Stimpson, 1858). Live coloration of adults (A–E) and juvenile (F); C and D, the same female with different views; G, a population with high density near the bank; H, a female U. splendida (left) and a male U. crassipes (White, 1947) (right) sympatric in one locality, with reddish eyestalks for the former and greenish eyestalks for the latter. Photos taken from Cingluo (A–E, H) and Citou (F, G), Penghu, Taiwan.

FIGURE 2 in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 2. Uca splendida (Stimpson, 1858). G1 of neotype (ZRC 2012.0143); A, right G1, lateral view; B, distal part of right G1, lateral view; C, distal part of right G1, mesial view.

FIGURE 1 in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 1. Collection sites for specimens of Uca splendida (Stimpson, 1858) and U. crassipes (White, 1847) used in this study: blue triangles (nos. 9–12) for U. splendida; red solid circles (nos. 1–3, 5, 13–18) for U. crassipes; and purple squares (nos. 4, 6–8) for both species sympatrically. Red empty circles mean the additional records of U. crassipes from other references (Sakai 1939; Crane 1975; Yoshigou 2001). Different lines indicate the updated ranges of the two species.

FIGURE 3 in Gelasimus splendidus Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae), a valid species of fiddler crab from the northern South China Sea and Taiwan Strait

FIGURE 3. Uca splendida (Stimpson, 1858). A–C, neotype (ZRC 2012.0143). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, right major chela; C, frontal view.

FIGURE 2 in Elzalia heterospiculata sp. nov. (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Xyalidae) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 2. Elzalia heterospiculata sp. nov. (A) anterior end of male, showing buccal cavity, cephalic seta, amphideal fovea; (B) anterior end of female; (C) entire view of female, showing vulva, ovary and eggs; (D) pharyngeal region of male; (E) posterior end of male, showing spicules, gubernaculum, and precloacal supplements; (F) gubernaculum and distal end of spicule; (G) female vulval region, showing vagina, spermathecae and vaginal glands.

FIGURE 3 in Elzalia heterospiculata sp. nov. (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Xyalidae) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 3. Elzalia heterospiculata sp. nov. (A) anterior end of male, showing buccal cavity; (B) anterior end of male, showing amphideal fovea and cephalic setae; (C) posterior end of male, showing right spicule (short) and gubernaculum; (D) posterior end of male, showing left spicule (long). Scale bars: 20 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Elzalia heterospiculata sp. nov. (Nematoda: Monhysterida: Xyalidae) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 1. Map of sampling stations in the northeast region of the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait.

FIGURES 59–62. Disporella xianqiureni n in Cyclostome bryozoans from Qingdao, South Yellow Sea, China

FIGURES 59–62. Disporella xianqiureni n. sp. Lingshan Island. 59, 60. Holotype MBM 284332. 59. General view. 60. Detail of the indistinct gonozooid with ooeciopore. 61. Paratype MBM 284347, detail of the ooeciopore with prominent lips and numerous spines inside the kenozooids and autozooids. 62. Paratype MBM 284345, showing the position of the gonozooid. Scale bars: 59–62 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 54–58 in Cyclostome bryozoans from Qingdao, South Yellow Sea, China

FIGURES 54–58. Patinella? guanformis n. sp. Daheilan. 54–57. Holotype MBM 284391. 54. Position of the gonozooid. 55. Digitate gonozooid with the ooeciopore on the edge of the prolongations. 56. Large alveoli with spines inside. 57. Details of the gonozooid with the large opening (arrowed). 58. Paratype MBM 284467, showing row of apertures with visible spines inside. Scale bars: 54, 55, 57, 58 = 100 µm; 56 = 10 µm.