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2,107 results for “Spectrum”
Data from: Characterizing and comparing phylogenetic trait data from their normalized Laplacian spectrum
The dissection of the mode and tempo of phenotypic evolution is integral to our understanding of global biodiversity. Our ability to infer patterns of phenotypes across phylogenetic clades is essential to how we infer the macroevolutionary processes governing those patterns. Many methods are already available for fitting models of phenotypic evolution to data. However, there is currently no comprehensive non-parametric framework for characterising and comparing patterns of phenotypic evolution. Here we build on a recently introduced approach for using the phylogenetic spectral density profile to compare and characterize patterns of phylogenetic diversification, in order to provide a framework for non-parametric analysis of phylogenetic trait data. We show how to construct the spectral density profile of trait data on a phylogenetic tree from the normalized graph Laplacian. We demonstrate on simulated data the utility of the spectral density profile to successfully cluster phylogenetic trait data into meaningful groups and to characterise the phenotypic patterning within those groups. We furthermore demonstrate how the spectral density profile is a powerful tool for visualising phenotypic space across traits and for assessing whether distinct trait evolution models are distinguishable on a given empirical phylogeny. We illustrate the approach in two empirical datasets: a comprehensive dataset of traits involved in song, plumage and resource-use in tanagers, and a high-dimensional dataset of endocranial landmarks in New World monkeys. Considering the proliferation of morphometric and molecular data collected across the tree of life, we expect this approach will benefit big data analyses requiring a comprehensive and intuitive framework.
Data from: The aggregate site frequency spectrum (aSFS) for comparative population genomic inference
Understanding how assemblages of species responded to past climate change is a central goal of comparative phylogeography and comparative population genomics, and an endeavor that has increasing potential to integrate with community ecology. New sequencing technology now provides the potential to gain complex demographic inference at unprecedented resolution across assemblages of non-model species. To this end, we introduce the aggregate site frequency spectrum (aSFS), an expansion of the site frequency spectrum to use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets collected from multiple, co-distributed species for assemblage-level demographic inference. We describe how the aSFS is constructed over an arbitrary number of independent population samples and then demonstrate how the aSFS can differentiate various multi-species demographic histories under a wide range of sampling configurations while allowing effective population sizes and expansion magnitudes to vary independently. We subsequently couple the aSFS with a hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation (hABC) framework to estimate degree of temporal synchronicity in expansion times across taxa, including an empirical demonstration with a dataset consisting of five populations of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Corroborating what is generally understood about the recent post-glacial origins of these populations, the joint aSFS/hABC analysis strongly suggests that the stickleback data are most consistent with synchronous expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum (posterior probability = 0.99). The aSFS will have general application for multi-level statistical frameworks to test models involving assemblages and/or communities and as large-scale SNP data from non-model species become routine, the aSFS expands the potential for powerful next-generation comparative population genomic inference.
Data from: Community-level economics spectrum of fine-roots driven by nutrient limitations in subalpine forests
1. Fine-root traits show remarkable variation with plant community structure and environmental shifts, but there is limited understanding of how trait covariation that exists among fine-root traits shifts among different communities, especially in forests. We explored links among the fine-root traits of forest communities to determine whether community root traits shift predictably according to an economics framework along environmental gradients. 2. Measurements of root morphology, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon concentrations, and measures of standing root densities were collected on fine roots (diameter ≤ 2 mm) from 129 forest plots in five subalpine forests. 3. This study demonstrates an existence of a community-level fine-root economics spectrum (REScom) in the subalpine forests, in which specific root length was strongly and positively related to root nitrogen and phosphorusconcentrations, but negatively related to root diameter. Soil nutrient limitation was a major driver of the REScom as changes in soil [N], [P] and [C] contents were related to changes in SRL, root [N], root [P]. Variables related to standing fine-root length and mass were independent of the REScom and was primarily related to forest community structure, particularly in tree closure and herbaceous plant mass. 4. These results indicate two distinct functional dimensions of community fine-root trait variation: resource-use efficiency via changes in root structure and construction, and separately via changes in the standing root system. Identifying shifts in allocation to and investment in fine roots enhances our understanding of a root and whole-plant economics spectrum and community functioning.
Data from: Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders
Objective: To investigate, if neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients develop subclinical visual pathway impairment independent of acute attacks. Methods: 548 longitudinally assessed full-field visual evoked potentials (VEP) of 167 NMOSD patients from 16 centers were retrospectively evaluated for changes of P100-latencies and P100-N140-amplitudes. Rates of change in latencies (RCL) and amplitudes (RCA) over time were analyzed for each individual eye using linear regression and compared using generalized estimating equation models. Results: The rates of change in the absence of optic neuritis (ON) for minimal VEP intervals of ≥3 months between baseline and last follow-up were +1.951ms/year (N=101 eyes; SD=6.274; p=0.012) for the P100-latencies and -2.149µV/year (N=64 eyes; SD=5.013; p=0.005) for the P100-N140-amplitudes. For minimal VEP intervals of ≥12 months the RCL was +1.768ms/year (N=59 eyes; SD=4.558; p=0.024) and the RCA was -0.527µV/year (N=44 eyes; SD=2.123; p=0.111). The history of a previous ON >6 months before baseline VEP had no influence on RCL and RCA. ONs during the observational period led to mean RCL and RCA of +11.689ms/year (N=16 eyes; SD=17.593; p=0.003) and -1.238µV/year (N=11 eyes; SD=3.708; p=0.308), respectively. Conclusions: This first longitudinal VEP study of NMOSD patients provides evidence of progressive VEP latency delay occurring independently of acute ON. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to corroborate these findings and help to interpret the clinical relevance.
Data from: Clinical spectrum and risk factors associated with asymptomatic erosive esophagitis as determined by Los Angeles classification: a cross-sectional study
Background: Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic and recurrent disease, and it varies in regions. However, to date, there are no reports available on clinical features and the risk factors for the asymptomatic reflux esophagitis in Nepalese adults. Methods: Data were gathered from 142 erosive patients who had undergone endoscopy at Bir Hospital, Kathmandu. Los Angeles classification was used to grade the severity of the disease. Patients were interviewed to find out the presence of various reflux symptoms. Results: Based on the Los Angeles classification, the severity of the disease assessed was; grade A 31.8% (31/142), grade B 39.4 % (56/142), grade C 33.8% (48/142), and grade D 4.9% (7/142). One hundred and twenty six (88.7%) subjects had reflux symptoms. Prevalence of asymptomatic esophagits was 16(11.3%). Age was independently linked to asymptomatic esophagitis (P<0.05), and the odd of being asymptomatic appeared lower in younger adults (P<0.05; OR: 0.118; CI: 0.014-.994). Conclusion: A low prevalence of asymptomatic reflux esophagits (RE) was seen. Most subjects experienced mild to moderate RE. Age remained an independent factors associated with reflux esophagitis, and the odd of being asymptomatic was lower in younger age.
Data from: Quantifying the attractiveness of broad-spectrum street lights to aerial nocturnal insects
1. Sodium street lights, dominated by long wavelengths of light, are being replaced by broad-spectrum, white lights globally, in particular light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These white lights typically require less energy to operate and are therefore considered 'eco-friendly'. However, little attention has been paid to the impacts white lights may have upon local wildlife populations. 2. We compared insect attraction to orange (high-pressure sodium [HPS]) and white (metal halide [MH] and LED) street lights experimentally using portable street lights and custom-made flight-intercept traps. 3. Significantly more (>five times as many) insects were attracted to white MH street lights than white (4,250 K) LED and HPS lights. There was no statistical difference in the numbers of insects attracted to LED and HPS lights for most taxa caught. However, rarefaction shows a greater diversity of insects caught at LED than HPS lights. 4. Policy implications. With the current, large-scale conversion to white light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, our results give insight into how changes to street light technology may affect wildlife populations and communities. We recommend avoiding metal halide (MH) light installations as they attract many more insects than competing technologies. We highlight the need to tailor LED lighting to prevent disturbances across multiple insect taxa. 07-Aug-2017
The Use of Jordanian Arabic Possessive Pronouns by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Short References and Supplement Materials
<p>References and Supplement Materials for the Electromagnetic Spectrum Short</p>
Neural network for predicting Peierls barrier spectrum and its influence of dislocation motion
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Studying the Impact of Early Test Termination Due to Assertion Failure on Code Coverage and Spectrum-based Fault Localization
<p>A dataset for early test termination</p>
Spectrum of Siemens and Defects4J programs
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Spectrum data and thermal model data of comet/103P (v1.0)
<p class="15"><span><span>Hyperactive comets have attracted attention due to their high water production rate with an unclear mechanism, though some hypotheses are proposed to explain it. Based on the thermal theories of the comet nuclei, this paper studied a comet surface thermal model considering the sublimation of H</span></span><sub><span><span>2</span></span></sub><span><span>O. In this paper, a method for solving the sublimation rate of water ice by infrared spectra is proposed. The method adopts the assumption of comet nucleus surface temperature roughness and uses the numerical solution of the Fredholm equation. We use the HRI-IR spectr</span></span><span><span>um</span></span><span><span> </span><span>(1.05-4.8 μm) data by EPOXI to analyze the pixel water sublimation rate of hyperactive comet 103P/Hartley2. The results show that sublimation exists in most areas of the surface with or without surface roughness, and most of the water production rate (70% ~ 90%) may come from the comet nucleus. According to the sublimation law, it is estimated that the sublimation temperature of water ice on 103P is above 180K. If the dust-to-ice volume ratio is 3:1, the sublimation temperature is about 200-210K, which indicates that the water ice may sublimate underneath. This may explain why exposed water ice on the surface can</span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span>hardly</span></span><span> <span>be observed while the active fraction of this comet is up to 100%.</span></span></p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Gonzalez Cruz J, Johnson M (2024) Towards a spectrum of dissent: A content analysis of Hawai'i's invasive species media. NeoBiota 92: 315-348. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.115766
Coding protocol
Supplementary material 2 from: Gonzalez Cruz J, Johnson M (2024) Towards a spectrum of dissent: A content analysis of Hawai'i's invasive species media. NeoBiota 92: 315-348. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.115766
Included media list
Figure 2 from: Erwin T, Stoev P, Penev L (2018) ZooKeys anniversary: 10 years of leadership toward open-access publishing of zoological data and establishment at Pensoft of like-minded sister journals across the biodiversity spectrum. ZooKeys 770: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.28105
Figure 2 New taxa published in ZooKeys, registered in ZooBank (courtesy of Richard Pyle; *until 27.6.2018).
Figure 1 from: Erwin T, Stoev P, Penev L (2018) ZooKeys anniversary: 10 years of leadership toward open-access publishing of zoological data and establishment at Pensoft of like-minded sister journals across the biodiversity spectrum. ZooKeys 770: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.28105
Figure 1 Growth of submitted manuscripts and published articles in ZooKeys from 2008 to 2018 (*until 27.6.2018).
Figure 3 from: Erwin T, Stoev P, Penev L (2018) ZooKeys anniversary: 10 years of leadership toward open-access publishing of zoological data and establishment at Pensoft of like-minded sister journals across the biodiversity spectrum. ZooKeys 770: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.28105
Figure 3 Total number of ZooKeys mentions in social media and popular magazines (Altmetric, June 2018).
Using Bayesian Spectrum Analysis to determine probabilities for LH and hot flush intervals and the probability of a match between them with simulated data
<p>To illustrate the principle of the analysis used using simulated data</p>
Data for "Genomic Epidemiology of Gonococcal Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins, Macrolides, and Fluoroquinolones in the United States, 2000-2013"
<p>Assemblies from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27638945.</p>
Data Products for "An HST Transmission Spectrum of the Closest M-Dwarf Transiting Rocky Planet LTT 1445Ab"
<p>Data for Figures 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 from the paper "An HST Transmission Spectrum of the Closest M-Dwarf Transiting Rocky Planet LTT 1445Ab". All are given in .csv files and can easily be plotted in Python. </p> <p>Figure 2: Flux (erg/s/cm^2/A) as a function of wavelength for the three exposures leading up to the flare, the exposure that was taken during the flare, and the first 10 exposures taken after the flare. </p> <p>Figure 3: Normalized flux and normalized error as a function of time (BJD_TDB) for the +1 and -1 orders of the WFC3/G280 grism are presented. Data from all three transits are included and are separated by a blank row. </p> <p>Figure 4: Wavelength-dependent transit depths for the +1 and -1 order of the WFC3/G280 grism are presented for all three visits. Each order within each visit has two columns, one corresponding to the transit depth value (e.g., "Visit 1 +1 Order (Rp/Rs)^2") and the adjacent column corresponding to the error (e.g., "Visit 1 +1 Order (Rp/Rs)^2 error"). </p> <p>Figure 6: Normalized flux and normalized error as a function of time (BJD_TDB) are presented for the WFC3/G141 observation. The first three columns correspond to the forward scan, then there is a gap, and the next three columns correspond to the reverse scan.</p> <p>Figure 7: Wavelength-dependent transit depths for both reductions (WRECS and ExoTiC-ISM) of the WFC3/G141 observation are presented. Columns are: wavelength (microns), wavelength width (microns), followed by the transit depth and error for each reduction (e.g., "WRECS (Rp/Rs)^2" and "WRECS (Rp/Rs)^2 error". </p> <p>Figure 8: Final transmission spectrum including the weighted mean of the three WFC3/G280 observations and the WFC3/G141 observation are given. Columns are wavelength (microns), wavelength width (microns), transit depth, and transit depth error. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.